calvicie

	Aloe vera (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Barbados : aloe Marie-Galante Island : lalwé Puerto Rico : sábila Tobago : aloe Venezuela : sábila Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys "crystal", in cataplasm¹	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	According to published and other information: Use for asthma, colds, baldness, cuts, bounds and skin rashes is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented inthe TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation, and published scientific information. Due to the health risks related to asthma, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this plant remedy should be considered complementary to medical treatment. There is no available information about its use for asthmatic crisis. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Not for oral administration to pregnant or lactating women or to children under 5 years of age. The use of this resource should be avoided in cases of diabetes mellitus. The gel can cause reactions of hypersensitivity. It should not be used if it has turned a reddish color.		When cutting out the gelatinous part of the leaf, avoid contact with the yellow juice. This juice can cause reactions of skin hypersensitivity or, if swallowed, it can have laxative effects. Use for asthma or colds: Peal the leaf and blend 15-30 grams (1-2 spoonfuls) of the “crystal” (gel, pulp, mesophyll) with 250 mL (1 cup) of water. Drink 1 cup 3 times a day. Prepare a decoction or infusion with 15-30 grams of gel in 250 mL (1 cup) of water. For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in covered pot. For infusion, add boiling water to 15-30 grams (1-2 spoonfuls) of gel, cover, and let cool. Drink 1 cup 3 times a day. For baldness, cuts, bounds and skin rashes: Wash and peal the leaf, cut 15-30 grams (1-2 spoonfuls) of gel and apply to affected area of skin or scalp, twice a day.	1 BENEDETTI MD, 1994 Encuesta TRAMIL. Universidad de Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. 2 FAUJOUR A, MURREY D, CHELTENHAM-CORBIN B, CARRINGTON S, 2003 TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA & UAG, Saint Thomas, Barbados. 3 DELAIGUE J, 2005 TRAMIL survey. UAG & PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago. 4 YAMAGUCHI I, MEGA N, SANADA H, 1993 Components of the gel of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Biosci Biotech Biochem57(8):1350-1352. 5 GOWDA DC, NEELISIDDAIAH B, ANJANEYALU YV, 1979 Structural studies of polysaccharides from Aloe vera. Carbohydr Res72:201-205. 6 MANDAL G, DAS A, 1980b Structure of the glucomannan isolated from the leaves of Aloe barbadensis Miller. Carbohydr Res 87:249-256. 7 MANDAL G, GHOSH R, DAS A, 1984 Characterization of the polysaccharides of Aloe barbadensis Miller: part III. Structure of a acidic oligosaccharide. Indian J Chem Ser B22:890-893. 8 HAQ N, HANNAN A, 1981 Studies on glucogalactomannan from the leaves of Aloe vera Tourn. (ex Linn.). Bangladesh J Scient & Ind Res16:68-72. 9 HART LA, VAN DER BERG AJJ, KUIS L, VAN DIJK H, LABADIE RP, 1989 An anti-complementary polysaccharide with immunological adjuvant activity from the leaf parenchyma cells of Aloe vera. Planta Med 55(6):509-512. 10 McANALLEY BH, 1988 Process for preparation of Aloe products, produced thereby and composition thereof. Patent - USA: 4,735,935 11 MANNA S, McANALLEY BH, 1993 Determination of the position of the O acetyl group in a b(1®4) mannan (acemannan) from Aloe barbadensis Miller. Carbohydr Res 241:317-319. 12 YAMAGUCHI I, MEGA N, SANADA H, 1993 Components of the gel of Aloe vera (L.) Burm.F. Bioscience, Biotechnology, Biochemistry57:1350-1352. 13 MARY NY, CHRISTENSEN BV, BEAL JL, 1956 A paper chromatographic study of Aloe, aloin and cascara sagrada. J Am Pharm Assoc Sci Ed 45:229-232. 14 HOLDSWORTH DK, 1971 Chromones in Aloe species. Part I. Aloesin-A C-glucosyl-7-hydroxychromone. Planta Med 19:322-325. 15 PASZKIEWICZ-GADEK A, CHLABICZ J, GALASINSKI W, 1988 The influence of selected potential oncostatics of plant origin on the protein biosynthesis in vitro. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 40(2):183-190. 16 RAUWALD H, 1987 New hydroxyaloins: the periodate-positive substance from cape aloes and cinnamoyl esters from Curacao aloes. Pharm Weekbl (Sci Ed) 9(4):215. 17 ZWAVING JH, ELEMA ET, 1976 A comparative investigation of two methods for the determination of 1,8-dihydroxyanthracene derivatives in vegetable drugs. Pharm Weekbl (Sci Ed) 111:1315. 18 WALLER GR, MANGIAFICO S, RITCHEY CR, 1978 A chemical investigation of Aloe barbadensis. Proc Okla Acad Sci58:69. 19 WALLER GR, MANGIAFICO S, RITCHEY CR, CUMBERLAND CD, 1978 Natural products from Aloe barbadensis Miller. Lloydia41:648A. 20 SUGA T, HIRATA T, 1983 The efficacy of the Aloe plants chemical constituents and biological activities. Cosmet Toiletries98(6):105-108. 21 MUKERJI B, 1953 The Indian pharmaceutical codex. Volume I - Indigenous drugs. New Delhi, India: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. 22 MANDAL G, DAS A, 1980 Characterization of the polysaccharides of Aloe barbadensis Miller. part I. Structure of the D-galacatan isolated from Aloe barbadensis Miller. Carbohydr Res86:247-257. 23 MANDAL G, DAS A, 1980 Characterization of the polysaccharides of Aloe barbadensis Miller. part II. Structure of the glucomannan isolated from the leaves of Aloe barbadensis Miller. Carbohydr Res 87:249-256. 24 GUARDARRAMA I, HERNANDEZ M, DIAZ-ACOSTA A, CARBALLO A, 1993 Observaciones clínicas sobre el efecto delAloe barbadensis L. en el tratamiento de pacientes asmáticos. Estudio preliminar. Informe TRAMIL. Instituto Superior de Ciencias Médicas, Santa Clara, Cuba.TRAMIL VI, Basse Terre,Guadeloupe, UAG/enda-caribe. 25GUARDARRAMA I, TORRES ORLANDO, HERNANDEZ M, RUIZ MM, GOMEZ M, CLAVO Y, 1994 Prueba de hiperreactividad bronquial a la carbacolina en pacientes asmáticos tratados con Aloe barbadensis. Medicentro 10(1):93-101. 26 RAINE TJ, LONDON MD, GOLUCH L, HEGGERS JP, ROBSON MC, 1980 Antiprostagladins and antithromboxanes for treatment of frostbite. American College of Surgeons 1980 Surgical Forum31:557-559. 27MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, ALONSO N, 1996 Ausencia de actividad antimicrobiana de un extracto acuoso liofilizado de Aloe vera (sábila). Rev Cubana Plantas Med 1(3):18-20. 28 GOTTSHALL RY, LUCAS E, LICKFELDT A, ROBERTS J, 1949 The occurrence of antibacterial substances active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in seed plants. J Clin Invest 28:920-923. 29 CACERES A, GIRON L, ALVARADO SR, TORRES MF, 1987 Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol20(3):223-237. 30 BUNYAPRAPHATSARA N, JIRAKULCAIWONG S, THIRAWARAPAN S, MANONUKUL J, 1996 The efficacy of Aloe vera cream in the treatment of first, second and third degree burns in mice. Phytomedicine2(3):247-251. 31 ROWE TD, LOVELL BK, PARKS LM, 1941 Further observations on the use of Aloe vera leaf in the treatment of third degree X-ray reactions. J Am Pharm Assoc Sci Ed30:266-269. 32 DAVIS RH, LEITNER MG, RUSSO JM, BYRNE ME, 1989 Wound healing. Oral and topical activity of Aloe vera. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 79(11):559-562. 33 DAVIS RH, DONATO J, HARTMAN G, HAAS R, 1994 Anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity of a growth substance in Aloe vera. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc84(2):77-81. 34 DAVIS RH, AGNEW PS, SHAPIRO E, 1986 Antiarthritic activity of anthraquinones found in Aloe for podiatric medicine. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc76:61-66. 35 MOHSIN A, SHAH AH, AL-YAHYA MA, TARIQ M, TANIRA MO, AGEEL AM, 1989 Analgesic antipyretic activity and phytochemical screening of some plants used in traditional Arab system of medicine. Fitoterapia 60(2):174-177. 36FURONES JA, MORON FJ, PINEDO Z, 1996 Acción analgésica de un extracto acuoso liofilizado de Aloe vera L. en ratones. Rev Cubana Plantas Med 1(2):15-17. 37 STRICKLAND FM, PELLEY RP, KRIPKE ML, 1994 Prevention of ultraviolet radiation-induced suppression of contact and delayed hypersensitivity by Aloe barbadensis gel extracts. J Invest Dermatol102(2):197-204. 38 ROMAN-RAMOS R, FLORES-SAENZ JL, PARTIDA-HERNANDEZ G, LARA-LEMUS A, ALARCON-AGUILAR F, 1991 Experimental study of hypoglycemic activity of some antidiabetic plants. Arch Invest Med22(1):87-93. 39 DAVIS RH, LEITNER MG, RUSSO JM, 1987 Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Aloe vera as measured by ear swelling. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 77(11):610-612. 40 DAVIS RH, LEITNER MG, RUSSO JM, 1988 Aloe vera. A natural approach for treating wounds, edema and pain in diabetes. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc78(2):60-68. 41 DAVIS RH, KABBANI JM, MARO NP, 1986 Wound healing and antiinflammatory activity of Aloe vera. Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Sciences60:79. 42 DAVIS RH, LEITNER MG, RUSSO JM, MARO NP, 1987c Biological activity of Aloe vera. Med Sci Res15:235. 43 RODRIGUEZ-BIGAS M, CRUZ NI, SUÁREZ A, 1988 Comparative evaluation of Aloe vera in the management of burn wounds in guinea pigs. Plast Reconstr Surg81:386-389. 44 KIVETT WF, 1989 Aloe vera for burns. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 83:195. 45 CARBAJAL D, CASACO A, ARRUZAZABALA L, GONZALEZ R, FUENTES V, 1991 Pharmacological screening of plant decoctions commonly used in Cuban folk medicine. J Ethnopharmacol33(1/2):21-24. 46 DAVIS RH, DI DONATO JJ, JOHNSON RW, STEWART CB, 1994 Aloe vera, hydrocortisone, and sterol influence on wound tensile strength and anti-inflammation. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc84.(12):614-621. 47 LUSHBAUGH CC, HALE DB, 1953 Experimental acute radiodermatitis following beta irradiation. V. Histopathological study of the mode of action of therapy with Aloe vera. Cancer 6:690-698. 48 ROVATTI B, BRENNAN RJ, 1959 Experimental thermal burns. Induct Med Surg 28:364. 49 NORTHWAY RB, 1975 Experimental use of Aloe vera extract in clinical practice. Vet Med Small Animal Clinic70:80. 50 COBBLE HH, 1975 Stabilized Aloe vera gel. Patent - USA: 3,892,853. 51 FULTON JE, 1990 The stimulation of postdermabrasion wound healing with stabilized Aloe vera gel-polyethylene oxide dressing. J Dermatol Surg Oncol16(5):460-467. 52 YAGI A, SHIDA T, NISHIMURA H, 1987 Effect of amino acids in Aloe extract on phagocytosis by peripheral neutrophil in adult bronchial asthma. Jap J Allergol36(12):1094-1101. 53 KAVOUSSI H, KAVOUSSI HP, 1993 Saturated solution of purified sodium chloride in purified Aloe vera for inducing and stimulating hair growth and for decreasing hair loss. Patent - USA: 5,215,760. 54LEONJE, ROSALES V, ROSALES RA, PAVON V, 1999 Actividad antiinflamatoria y cicatrizante del ungüento rectal de Aloe vera L (sábila). Rev Cubana Plantas Med 4(3):106-109. 55 VISUTHIKOSOL V, CHOWCHUEN B, SUKWANARAT Y, SRIURAIRATANA S, BOONPUCKNAVIG V, 1995 Effect of Aloe vera gel to healing of burn wound a clinical and histologic study. J Med Assoc Thai 78(8):403-409. 56 CREWE JE, 1939 Aloes in the treatment of burns and scalds. Minnesota Med22:538-539. 57 SYED T, AHMAD S, HOLT A, AHMAD S, AHMAD S, AFZAL M, 1996 Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Trop Med Int Health 1(4):505-509. 58 SYDISKIA RJ, OWEN DG, 1987 Aloe emodin and other anthraquinones and anthraquinone-like compounds from plants virucidal against Herpes simplex viruses. Patent - USA: 4,670,265. 59RAMOS A, EDREIRA AYMEE, VILLESCUSA A, VIZOZO A, MARTINEZ MJ, 1996 Evaluación genotóxica de un extracto acuoso de Aloe vera L. Rev Cubana Plantas Med 1(2):18-23. 60 VIZOSO A, RAMOS A, GARCIA A, PILOTO J, PAVON V, 2000 Estudio genotóxico in vitro e in vivo del extracto fluido de Cassia grandis L. y el gel de Aloe vera L. Rev Cubana Plantas Med 5(3):91-96. 61 DHAR ML, DHAR MM, DHAWAN B, MEHROTRA B, RAY C, 1968 Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part I. Indian J Exp Biol6:232-247. 62 BHAKUNI D, DHAR ML, DHAR MM, DHAWAN BN, GUPTA B, SRIMALI RC, 1971 Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part III. Indian J Exp Biol9:91. 63 SHAH AH, QURESHI S, TARIQU M, AGEEL AM, 1989 Toxicity studies on six plants used in the traditional Arab system of medicine. Phytother Res3(1):25-29. 64 YOKEL R, OGZEWALLA C, 1981 Effects of plants ingestion in rats determined by the conditioned taste aversion procedure. Toxicon19(2):223-232. 65 PRAKASH A, MATHUR R, 1976 Screening of Indian plant for antifertility activity. Indian J Exp Biol 14:623-626. 66 SETHI N, NATH D, SING R, 1989 Teratological evaluation of some commonly used indigenous antifertility plants in rats. Int J Crude Drug Res27(2):118-120. 67 MORROW DM, RAPAPORT MJ, STRICK RA, 1980 Hypersensitivity to Aloe. Archives of Dermatology 116:1064-1065. 68 PARRA AL, YHEBRA RS, SARDINAS IG, BUELA LI, 2001 Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD₅₀ value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine 8(5):395-400. 69 Zambrano LE, 2007 Encuesta TRAMIL en Guareguare, Miranda. UCV, Caracas, Venezuela. 70 BALZ E, BOYER A, BURAUD M, 2007 Enquête TRAMIL à Marie-Galante. U. Bordeaux 3, U. Paris XI Chatenay-Malabry, UAG, Guadeloupe.
	Solanum tuberosum (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Colombia : papa Costa Rica : papa Guatemala : papa Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys tubercle, mashed, friction²	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	According to published and other information: Uses for headache, baldness, hematoma / bruise and gastroduodenal ulcer are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)⁴ documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should symptoms persist for more than 24 hours, seek medical attention, due to the potential risks that may beinvolved with headache. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated.		The cooked tubercle (not green) of Solanum tuberosum is widely used for human consumption. Green tubercles should not be ingested due to potential toxicity risk^9-10. For headache, baldness and hematoma / bruise: There is no available information to establish a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. For gastroduodenal ulcer: Drinking the fresh juice of the tubercle is recommended: 100-200 mL, 4-5 times a day, before meals, as antiacid¹⁹. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours.	1 RESTREPO O, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL. Suna Hisca, Bogotá, Colombia. 2 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 3 OCAMPO R, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica), Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. 4 WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 5 CALLAGHAN JM, TOH BH, PETTITT JM, HUMPHRIS DC, GLEESON PA, 1990 Poly-N-acetyllactosamine-specific tomato lectin interacts with gastric parietal cells. Identification of a tomato lectin binding 60-90-X-10(3) Mr-membrane glycoprotein of tubulovesicles. J Cell Sci 95(4):563-576. 6 DE STEFANO JA, CUSHION MT, TRINKLE LS, WALZER PD, 1989 Lectins as probes to Pneumocystis carinii surface glycocomplexes. J Protozool 36(1):65-66S. 7 WILLAMAN J, HUI-LIN-LI, 1970 Alkaloid-bearing plants and their contained alkaloids. 1957-1968. Lloydia 33(3A)Supp. 8 ANDERSEN OM, OPHEIM S, AKSNES DW, FROYSTEIN NA, 1991 Structure of petanin, an acylated anthocyanin isolated from Solanum tuberosum, using homonuclear and heteronuclear two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Phytochem Anal 2(5):230-236. 9 MONNET R, SABON F, VIALA A, 1956 Pommes de terre à teneur élevée en solanine. Food Sci Abs 28(3):314. 10 LIOGIER A, 1990 Plantas medicinales de Puerto Rico y del Caribe. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Iberoamericana de Ediciones, Inc. 11 PARIS R, MOYSE H, 1981 Précis de Matière Médicale. Paris, France: Ed. Maloine. 12 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. 13 SANTOS AE, COUSIN LA, 1989 Efecto de los extractos acuosos de algunas plantas medicinales de Honduras en la prevención de úlceras gástricas en ratas (Tesis de medicina). Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 14 HOJIMA Y, PISANO JJ, COCHRNE CG, 1983 Survey of plant inhibitors of polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase, pancreatic elastase, cathepsin G, cathepsin B, Hageman-factor fragments, and other serine proteinases. Biochem Pharmacol 32(6):985-990. 15 MIWA M, KONG ZL, SHINOHARA K, WATANABE M, 1990 Macrophage stimulating activity of foods. Agr Biol Chem 54(7):1863-1866. 16 QUIRCE S, DIEZ GOMEZ ML, HINOJOSA M, CUEVAS M, URENA V, RIVAS MF, PUYANA J, CUESTA J, LOSADA E, 1989 Housewives with raw potato-induced bronchial asthma. Allergy 44(8):532-536. 17 KIM TH, KIM SH, LEE YS, CHOI SY, YOO SY, JANG JJ, 1994 Protective effects of potato extracts and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on the induction of hepatic foci by cotreatment of gamma radiation and diethylnitrosamine. Anticancer Res 14(5a):1979-1982. 18 BAKER D, KEELER R, GAFFIELD W, 1987 Lesions of potato sprout and extracted potato sprout alkaloid toxicity in Syrian hamsters. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 25(3):199-208. 19 CANIGUERAL S, VILA R, RISCO E, PEREZ F, PORTILLO A, FREIXA B, MILO B, VANACLOCHA B, RIOS JL, MORALES MA, ALONSO JR, BACHILLER LI, PERIS JB, STUBING G, 2002 Solanum tuberosum. Vademecum de Fitoterapia, Editorial Masson, Barcelona, España, Nov.20,2003. URL: http://www.masson.es/book/fitoterapia.html 20 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009 Irritación dérmica, piel sana en conejos, tubérculo fresco rayado de Solanum tuberosum. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.

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Aloe vera

Solanum tuberosum