bad blood” (enmity; vindictiveness) | TRAMIL

	Coffea arabica (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Dominican Republic : café Haiti : kafé Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys roasted seed, decoction with salt, orally¹	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	According to available information: Use for asthma and pneumonia, asthenia and weakness is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation, and available published scientific information. Due to the health risks involved with asthma and pneumonia, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should symptoms last more than 2 days, seek medical attention. Use for hepatitis, intestinal worms and vertigo is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should jaundice or vertigo last more than 5 days, seek medical attention. Use for after anger and poor blood quality is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)⁴ documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. Not for use if gastritis, peptic ulcer and hyperthyroidism are present.		The roasted and ground seeds of Coffea arabica are widely used for human consumption. For asthma: Prepare a decoction with 15-20 grams (2 hearts) of fresh leaf 1/2 liter (2 cups) of water, boil for at least 10 minutes in covered pot. Leave to cool down, filter and drink 1 cup 3 times a day. For pneumonia: Prepare a decoction with 16 grams of roasted and ground seeds in 1.5 liter (6 cups) of water, boil for at least 10 minutes. Filter, leave to cool down and drink one and a half cup 3 times a day. To obtain beneficial effects on pneumonia and even bronchodilator effects, take one and a half cup of the traditional coffee preparation made with roasted and ground seed³¹. For after anger, hepatitis, poor blood quality, intestinal parasites and vertigo: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use.	1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 WENIGER B, 1987-88 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 4 OMS/WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4(original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 5 MIYAKE T, SHIBAMOTO T, 1993 Quantitative analysis of acetaldehyde in foods and beverages. J Agric Food Chem 41(11):1968-1970. 6 KASAI H, KUMENO K, AMAIZUMI Z, NISHIMURA S, NAGAO M, FUJITA Y, SUGIMURA T, NUKAYA H, KOSUGE T, 1982 Mutagenicity of methylglyoxal in coffee. Jpn J Cancer Res (GANN) 73:681-683. 7 NEURATH GB, DUNGER M, PEIN FG, AMBROSIUS D, SCHREIBER O, 1977 Primary and secondary amines in the human environment. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15:275-282. 8 AMORIM HV, CORTEZ JG, 1973 Methods of organic analysis of coffee. II. Comparison of methods of caffeine determination in green coffee. An Esc Super Agr Luiz De Queiroz Univ Sao Paulo 30:281. 9 DEISINGER PJ, HILL TS, ENGLISH JC, 1996 Human exposure to naturally occurring hydroquinone. J Toxicol Environ Health 47(1):31-46. 10 NISHINA A, KAJISHIMA F, MATSUNAGA M, TEZUKA H, INATOMI H, OSAWA T, 1994 Antimicrobial substance, 3',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone, in coffee residue. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 58(2):293-296. 11 AESCHBACH R, KUSY A, MAIER HG, 1982 Diterpenes of coffee. I. Atractyligenin. Z Lebensm-Unters Forsch 175(5):337-341. 12 GROSS G, JACCAUD E, HUGGETT AC, 1997 Analysis of the content of the diterpenes cafestol and kahweol in coffee brews. Food Chem Toxicol 35(6):547-554. 13 DUPLATRE A, TISSE C, ESTIENNE J, 1984 Identification of arabica and robusta [coffee] species by studying the sterol fraction. Ann Falsif Expert Chim Toxicol 77(828):259-270. 14 ANDRADE PB, LEITAO R, SEABRA RM, OLIVEIRA MB, FERREIRA MA, 1997 Development of an HPLC/diode-array detector method for simultaneous determination of seven hydroxy-cinnamic acids in green coffee. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 20(13):2023-2030. 15 SONDHEIMER E, 1958 On the distribution of caffeic acid and the chlorogenic acid isomers in plants. Arch Biochem Biophys 74(1):131-138. 16 MEISSNER W, PODKOWINSKA H, WALKOWSKI A, 1974 Determination of chlorogenic acids in green coffee. Zesz Nauk Akad Ekon Poznaniu Ser 1(58):71. 17 OKUDA T, HATANO T, AGATA I, NISHIBE S, KIMURA K, 1986 Tannins in Artemisia montana, A.princeps and related species of plant. Yakugaku Zasshi 106(10):894-899. 18 HAGGAG MY, 1975 A study of the lipid content of Coffea arabica seeds. Pharmazie 30:409. 19 MAZAAFERA P, 1991 Trigonelline in coffee. Phytochemistry 30(7):2309-2310. 20 TSUJI S, SHIBATA T, OHARA K, OKADA N, ITO Y, 1991 Factors affecting the formation of hydrogen peroxide in coffee. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 32(6):504-512. 21 STOFFELSMA J, SIPMA G, KETTENES DK, PYPKER J, 1968 New volatile components of roasted coffee. J Agric Food Chem 16(6):1000. 22 SPIRO M, 1997 Coffee, tea and chemistry. Chem Rev 6(5):11-15. 23 KOENIG WA, RAHN W, VETTER R, 1980 Identify and quantify emetic active constituents in roast coffee. Colloq Sci Int Café [C.R.] 9:145-149. 24 HOFMANN E, SCHLEE D, REINBOTHE H, 1969 On the occurrence and distribution of allantoin in Boraginaceae. Flora Abt A Physiol Biochem (Jena) 159:510-518. 25 MOLINA MR, DE LA FUENTE G, BATTEN MA, BRESSANI R, 1974 Decaffeination. A process to detoxify coffee pulp. J Agric Food Chem 22(6):1055. 26 KOLLING-SPEER I, SPEER K, 1997 Diterpenes in coffee leaves. Colloq Sci Int Café [C.R.] 17(15):1-154. 27 WALLER GR, JURZYSTE M, KARNS TKB, GENO PW, 1991 Isolation and identification of ursolic acid from Coffea arabica L. (coffee) leaves. Colloq Sci Int Cafe [C.R.] 14:245-247. 28 HIGUCHI K, SUZUKI T, ASHIHARA H, 1995 Pipecolic acid from the developing fruits (pericarp and seeds) of Coffea arabica and Camellia sinensis. Colloq Sci Int Café[C.R.] 16:389-395. 29 GONZALEZ J, NORIEGA R, SANDOVAL R, 1975 Contribution to the study of flavonoids of coffee tree (Coffea) leaves. Rev Colomb Quim 5:85. 30 CHOU C, WALLER G, 1980 Isolation and identification by mass spectrometry of phytotoxins inCoffea arabica. Bot Bull Acad Sinica (Taiwan) 21(1):25-34. 31 SERAFIN WE, 1996 Drugs used in the treatment of asthma. In: Hardman JG, Gilman AG, Limbird LE Eds. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9^th ed. New York, USA: The McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, International Edition. p672-679. 32 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p47. 33 CAMBAR P, CANALES M, CASTRO E, CASTRO C, MEJIA A, MEDINA F, LAGOS K, AGUILAR J, 1996 Efectos respiratorios y cardiovasculares de los extractos acuosos de las hojas de Coffea arabica L. en conejos. Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 34 GARCIA M,Coto MT, González CS, Pazos L, 1998 Actividad bronquial del extracto acuoso de hoja fresca de Coffea arabica. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 35 CAMBAR P, CANALES M, GAMES V, CASTRO E, MEJIA A, CASTRO C, 1996 Efectos de los extractos acuosos de las hojas de Coffea arabica L. en la producción de úlceras gástricas por ligadura del píloro en ratas. Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 36 DAGLIA M, CUZZONI MT, DACARRO C, 1994 Antibacterial activity of coffee. J Agric Food Chem 42(10):2270-2272. 37 TODA M, OKUBO S, HIYOSHI R, SHIMAMURA T, 1989 The bactericidal activity of tea and coffee. Lett Appl Microbiol 8(4):123-125. 38 KOLEY J, KOLEY BN, MAITRA SR, 1973 Effect of drinking tea, coffee and caffeine on work performance. Indian J Physiol Allied Sci 27:96. 39 ESTLE C, 1982 Caffeine psychotrope agents. Berlin, Germany: Springer verlag, 17:369-389. 40 CURATOLO PW, ROBERTSON D, 1983 The health consequences of caffeine. Ann Intern Med 98:641-653. 41 GREDEN R, 1974 Anxiety of caffeinism. Am J Psychiatry 131:1089-1092. 42 REY H, 1979 Effet d'un gel de caféine par voie cutanée sur la lipolyse locale. Thèse doctorat Médecine, Bordeaux, France. 43 THIERMAM-DUFFAUD D, 1983 Le café augmente-t-il la cholestérolémie? La Presse Médicale 12(34):2062. 44 DEBAS HT, COHEN MM, HOLUBITSKY IB, HARRISON RC, 1971 Caffeine simulated gastric and pepsine secretion: dose-response studies. Scand J Gastroenterol 6(5):453-457. 45 WRIGHT LF, GIBSON RG, HIRSCHOWITZ RI, 1977 Lack of caffeine stimulation of gastric secretion release in man. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 154(4):538-539. 46 MCARTHUR K, HOGAN D, ISENBERG JI, 1982 Relative stimulatory effects of commonly ingested beverages on gastric secretion in human. Gastroenterology 83(1/2):199-203. 47 GARCIA M,Coto MT, González CS, Pazos L, 1998 Toxicidad aguda en ratones, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Coffea arabica. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 48 STADLER RH, TURESKY RJ, MULLER O, MARKOVIC J, LEONG-MORGENTHALER PM, 1994 The inhibitory effects of coffee on radical-mediated oxidation and mutagenicity. Mutat Res 308(2):177-190. 49 STICH HF, ROSIN MP, BRYSON L, 1982 Inhibition of mutagenicity of a model nitrosation reaction by naturally occurring phenolics, coffee and tea. Mutat Res 95:119-128. 50 OBANA H, NAKAMURA SI, TANAKA RI, 1986 Suppressive effects of coffee on the SOS responses induced by UV and chemical mutagens. Mutat Res 175(2):47-50. 51 FUJITA FY, WAKABAYASHI K, NAGAO M, SUGIMURA T, 1985 Characteristics of major mutagenicity of instant coffee. Mutat Res 142(4):145-148. 52 WURZNER HP, LINDSTROM E, VUATAZ L, LUGINBUHL H, 1977 A 2-year feeding study of instant coffees in rats. I. Body weight, food comsumption, hematological parameters and plasma chemistry. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15:7. 53 NOLEN GA, 1981 The effect of brewed and instant coffee on reproduction and teratogenesis in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 58(2):171-183. 54 ABRAHAM SK, 1995 Inhibitory effects of coffee on transplacental genotoxicity in mice. Mutat Res 347(1):45-52. 55 WURZNER HP, LINDSTROM E, VUATAZ L, LUGINBUHL H, 1977 A 2-year feeding study of instant coffees in rats. II. Incidence and types of neoplasms. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15:289. 56 NAGASAWA H, YASUDA M, SAKAMOTO S, INATOMI H, 1995 Protection by coffee cherry against spontaneous mammary tumour development in mice. Anticancer Res 15(1):141-146. 57 HASEGAWA R, ITO N, 1992 Liver medium-term bioassay in rats for screening of carcinogens and modifying factors in hepatocarcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 30(11):979-992. 58 WILLETT WC, STAMPFER MJ, MANSON JE, COLDITZ GA, ROSNER BA, SPEIZER RE, HENNEKENS CH, 1996 Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in women. J Amer Med Assoc 275(6):458-462. 59 TAVANI A, PREGNOLATO A, LA VECCHIA C, NEGRI E, TALAMINI R, FRANCESCHI S, 1997 Coffee and tea intake and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: a study of 3,530 cases and 7,057 controls. Int J Cancer 73(2):193-197. 60 BARON JA, GREENBERG ER, HAILE R, MANDEL J, SANDLER RS, MOTT L, 1997 Coffee and tea and the risk of recurrent colorectal adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6(1):7-10. 61 LUBIN F, RON E, WAX Y, MODAN B, 1985 Coffee and methylxanthines and breast cancer: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 74(3):569-573. 62 WILLIAMS MA, MONSON RR, GOLDMAN MB, MITTENDORF R, 1990 Coffee and delayed conception. Lancet 335(8705):1603. 63 PIRACCINI BM, BARDAZZI F, VINCENZI C, TARDIO MP, 1990 Occupational contact dermatitis due to coffee. Contact Dermatitis 23(2):114. 64 NISHIBE Y, TOMONO N, HIRASAWA H, OKADA T, 1996 Skin-lightening cosmetics containing extracts of Coffea arabica seeds. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-08 92,057.
	Coffea arabica (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Dominican Republic : café Haiti : kafé Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, decoction with salt, orally¹	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	According to available information: Use for asthma and pneumonia, asthenia and weakness is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation, and available published scientific information. Due to the health risks involved with asthma and pneumonia, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should symptoms last more than 2 days, seek medical attention. Use for hepatitis, intestinal worms and vertigo is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should jaundice or vertigo last more than 5 days, seek medical attention. Use for after anger and poor blood quality is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)⁴ documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. Not for use if gastritis, peptic ulcer and hyperthyroidism are present.		The roasted and ground seeds of Coffea arabica are widely used for human consumption. For asthma: Prepare a decoction with 15-20 grams (2 hearts) of fresh leaf 1/2 liter (2 cups) of water, boil for at least 10 minutes in covered pot. Leave to cool down, filter and drink 1 cup 3 times a day. For pneumonia: Prepare a decoction with 16 grams of roasted and ground seeds in 1.5 liter (6 cups) of water, boil for at least 10 minutes. Filter, leave to cool down and drink one and a half cup 3 times a day. To obtain beneficial effects on pneumonia and even bronchodilator effects, take one and a half cup of the traditional coffee preparation made with roasted and ground seed³¹. For after anger, hepatitis, poor blood quality, intestinal parasites and vertigo: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use.	1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 WENIGER B, 1987-88 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 4 OMS/WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4(original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 5 MIYAKE T, SHIBAMOTO T, 1993 Quantitative analysis of acetaldehyde in foods and beverages. J Agric Food Chem 41(11):1968-1970. 6 KASAI H, KUMENO K, AMAIZUMI Z, NISHIMURA S, NAGAO M, FUJITA Y, SUGIMURA T, NUKAYA H, KOSUGE T, 1982 Mutagenicity of methylglyoxal in coffee. Jpn J Cancer Res (GANN) 73:681-683. 7 NEURATH GB, DUNGER M, PEIN FG, AMBROSIUS D, SCHREIBER O, 1977 Primary and secondary amines in the human environment. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15:275-282. 8 AMORIM HV, CORTEZ JG, 1973 Methods of organic analysis of coffee. II. Comparison of methods of caffeine determination in green coffee. An Esc Super Agr Luiz De Queiroz Univ Sao Paulo 30:281. 9 DEISINGER PJ, HILL TS, ENGLISH JC, 1996 Human exposure to naturally occurring hydroquinone. J Toxicol Environ Health 47(1):31-46. 10 NISHINA A, KAJISHIMA F, MATSUNAGA M, TEZUKA H, INATOMI H, OSAWA T, 1994 Antimicrobial substance, 3',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone, in coffee residue. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 58(2):293-296. 11 AESCHBACH R, KUSY A, MAIER HG, 1982 Diterpenes of coffee. I. Atractyligenin. Z Lebensm-Unters Forsch 175(5):337-341. 12 GROSS G, JACCAUD E, HUGGETT AC, 1997 Analysis of the content of the diterpenes cafestol and kahweol in coffee brews. Food Chem Toxicol 35(6):547-554. 13 DUPLATRE A, TISSE C, ESTIENNE J, 1984 Identification of arabica and robusta [coffee] species by studying the sterol fraction. Ann Falsif Expert Chim Toxicol 77(828):259-270. 14 ANDRADE PB, LEITAO R, SEABRA RM, OLIVEIRA MB, FERREIRA MA, 1997 Development of an HPLC/diode-array detector method for simultaneous determination of seven hydroxy-cinnamic acids in green coffee. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 20(13):2023-2030. 15 SONDHEIMER E, 1958 On the distribution of caffeic acid and the chlorogenic acid isomers in plants. Arch Biochem Biophys 74(1):131-138. 16 MEISSNER W, PODKOWINSKA H, WALKOWSKI A, 1974 Determination of chlorogenic acids in green coffee. Zesz Nauk Akad Ekon Poznaniu Ser 1(58):71. 17 OKUDA T, HATANO T, AGATA I, NISHIBE S, KIMURA K, 1986 Tannins in Artemisia montana, A.princeps and related species of plant. Yakugaku Zasshi 106(10):894-899. 18 HAGGAG MY, 1975 A study of the lipid content of Coffea arabica seeds. Pharmazie 30:409. 19 MAZAAFERA P, 1991 Trigonelline in coffee. Phytochemistry 30(7):2309-2310. 20 TSUJI S, SHIBATA T, OHARA K, OKADA N, ITO Y, 1991 Factors affecting the formation of hydrogen peroxide in coffee. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 32(6):504-512. 21 STOFFELSMA J, SIPMA G, KETTENES DK, PYPKER J, 1968 New volatile components of roasted coffee. J Agric Food Chem 16(6):1000. 22 SPIRO M, 1997 Coffee, tea and chemistry. Chem Rev 6(5):11-15. 23 KOENIG WA, RAHN W, VETTER R, 1980 Identify and quantify emetic active constituents in roast coffee. Colloq Sci Int Café [C.R.] 9:145-149. 24 HOFMANN E, SCHLEE D, REINBOTHE H, 1969 On the occurrence and distribution of allantoin in Boraginaceae. Flora Abt A Physiol Biochem (Jena) 159:510-518. 25 MOLINA MR, DE LA FUENTE G, BATTEN MA, BRESSANI R, 1974 Decaffeination. A process to detoxify coffee pulp. J Agric Food Chem 22(6):1055. 26 KOLLING-SPEER I, SPEER K, 1997 Diterpenes in coffee leaves. Colloq Sci Int Café [C.R.] 17(15):1-154. 27 WALLER GR, JURZYSTE M, KARNS TKB, GENO PW, 1991 Isolation and identification of ursolic acid from Coffea arabica L. (coffee) leaves. Colloq Sci Int Cafe [C.R.] 14:245-247. 28 HIGUCHI K, SUZUKI T, ASHIHARA H, 1995 Pipecolic acid from the developing fruits (pericarp and seeds) of Coffea arabica and Camellia sinensis. Colloq Sci Int Café[C.R.] 16:389-395. 29 GONZALEZ J, NORIEGA R, SANDOVAL R, 1975 Contribution to the study of flavonoids of coffee tree (Coffea) leaves. Rev Colomb Quim 5:85. 30 CHOU C, WALLER G, 1980 Isolation and identification by mass spectrometry of phytotoxins inCoffea arabica. Bot Bull Acad Sinica (Taiwan) 21(1):25-34. 31 SERAFIN WE, 1996 Drugs used in the treatment of asthma. In: Hardman JG, Gilman AG, Limbird LE Eds. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9^th ed. New York, USA: The McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, International Edition. p672-679. 32 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p47. 33 CAMBAR P, CANALES M, CASTRO E, CASTRO C, MEJIA A, MEDINA F, LAGOS K, AGUILAR J, 1996 Efectos respiratorios y cardiovasculares de los extractos acuosos de las hojas de Coffea arabica L. en conejos. Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 34 GARCIA M,Coto MT, González CS, Pazos L, 1998 Actividad bronquial del extracto acuoso de hoja fresca de Coffea arabica. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 35 CAMBAR P, CANALES M, GAMES V, CASTRO E, MEJIA A, CASTRO C, 1996 Efectos de los extractos acuosos de las hojas de Coffea arabica L. en la producción de úlceras gástricas por ligadura del píloro en ratas. Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 36 DAGLIA M, CUZZONI MT, DACARRO C, 1994 Antibacterial activity of coffee. J Agric Food Chem 42(10):2270-2272. 37 TODA M, OKUBO S, HIYOSHI R, SHIMAMURA T, 1989 The bactericidal activity of tea and coffee. Lett Appl Microbiol 8(4):123-125. 38 KOLEY J, KOLEY BN, MAITRA SR, 1973 Effect of drinking tea, coffee and caffeine on work performance. Indian J Physiol Allied Sci 27:96. 39 ESTLE C, 1982 Caffeine psychotrope agents. Berlin, Germany: Springer verlag, 17:369-389. 40 CURATOLO PW, ROBERTSON D, 1983 The health consequences of caffeine. Ann Intern Med 98:641-653. 41 GREDEN R, 1974 Anxiety of caffeinism. Am J Psychiatry 131:1089-1092. 42 REY H, 1979 Effet d'un gel de caféine par voie cutanée sur la lipolyse locale. Thèse doctorat Médecine, Bordeaux, France. 43 THIERMAM-DUFFAUD D, 1983 Le café augmente-t-il la cholestérolémie? La Presse Médicale 12(34):2062. 44 DEBAS HT, COHEN MM, HOLUBITSKY IB, HARRISON RC, 1971 Caffeine simulated gastric and pepsine secretion: dose-response studies. Scand J Gastroenterol 6(5):453-457. 45 WRIGHT LF, GIBSON RG, HIRSCHOWITZ RI, 1977 Lack of caffeine stimulation of gastric secretion release in man. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 154(4):538-539. 46 MCARTHUR K, HOGAN D, ISENBERG JI, 1982 Relative stimulatory effects of commonly ingested beverages on gastric secretion in human. Gastroenterology 83(1/2):199-203. 47 GARCIA M,Coto MT, González CS, Pazos L, 1998 Toxicidad aguda en ratones, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Coffea arabica. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 48 STADLER RH, TURESKY RJ, MULLER O, MARKOVIC J, LEONG-MORGENTHALER PM, 1994 The inhibitory effects of coffee on radical-mediated oxidation and mutagenicity. Mutat Res 308(2):177-190. 49 STICH HF, ROSIN MP, BRYSON L, 1982 Inhibition of mutagenicity of a model nitrosation reaction by naturally occurring phenolics, coffee and tea. Mutat Res 95:119-128. 50 OBANA H, NAKAMURA SI, TANAKA RI, 1986 Suppressive effects of coffee on the SOS responses induced by UV and chemical mutagens. Mutat Res 175(2):47-50. 51 FUJITA FY, WAKABAYASHI K, NAGAO M, SUGIMURA T, 1985 Characteristics of major mutagenicity of instant coffee. Mutat Res 142(4):145-148. 52 WURZNER HP, LINDSTROM E, VUATAZ L, LUGINBUHL H, 1977 A 2-year feeding study of instant coffees in rats. I. Body weight, food comsumption, hematological parameters and plasma chemistry. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15:7. 53 NOLEN GA, 1981 The effect of brewed and instant coffee on reproduction and teratogenesis in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 58(2):171-183. 54 ABRAHAM SK, 1995 Inhibitory effects of coffee on transplacental genotoxicity in mice. Mutat Res 347(1):45-52. 55 WURZNER HP, LINDSTROM E, VUATAZ L, LUGINBUHL H, 1977 A 2-year feeding study of instant coffees in rats. II. Incidence and types of neoplasms. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15:289. 56 NAGASAWA H, YASUDA M, SAKAMOTO S, INATOMI H, 1995 Protection by coffee cherry against spontaneous mammary tumour development in mice. Anticancer Res 15(1):141-146. 57 HASEGAWA R, ITO N, 1992 Liver medium-term bioassay in rats for screening of carcinogens and modifying factors in hepatocarcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 30(11):979-992. 58 WILLETT WC, STAMPFER MJ, MANSON JE, COLDITZ GA, ROSNER BA, SPEIZER RE, HENNEKENS CH, 1996 Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in women. J Amer Med Assoc 275(6):458-462. 59 TAVANI A, PREGNOLATO A, LA VECCHIA C, NEGRI E, TALAMINI R, FRANCESCHI S, 1997 Coffee and tea intake and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: a study of 3,530 cases and 7,057 controls. Int J Cancer 73(2):193-197. 60 BARON JA, GREENBERG ER, HAILE R, MANDEL J, SANDLER RS, MOTT L, 1997 Coffee and tea and the risk of recurrent colorectal adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6(1):7-10. 61 LUBIN F, RON E, WAX Y, MODAN B, 1985 Coffee and methylxanthines and breast cancer: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 74(3):569-573. 62 WILLIAMS MA, MONSON RR, GOLDMAN MB, MITTENDORF R, 1990 Coffee and delayed conception. Lancet 335(8705):1603. 63 PIRACCINI BM, BARDAZZI F, VINCENZI C, TARDIO MP, 1990 Occupational contact dermatitis due to coffee. Contact Dermatitis 23(2):114. 64 NISHIBE Y, TOMONO N, HIRASAWA H, OKADA T, 1996 Skin-lightening cosmetics containing extracts of Coffea arabica seeds. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-08 92,057.
	Coffea arabica (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Dominican Republic : café Haiti : kafé Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, decoction, orally³	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	According to available information: Use for asthma and pneumonia, asthenia and weakness is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation, and available published scientific information. Due to the health risks involved with asthma and pneumonia, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should symptoms last more than 2 days, seek medical attention. Use for hepatitis, intestinal worms and vertigo is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should jaundice or vertigo last more than 5 days, seek medical attention. Use for after anger and poor blood quality is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)⁴ documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. Not for use if gastritis, peptic ulcer and hyperthyroidism are present.		The roasted and ground seeds of Coffea arabica are widely used for human consumption. For asthma: Prepare a decoction with 15-20 grams (2 hearts) of fresh leaf 1/2 liter (2 cups) of water, boil for at least 10 minutes in covered pot. Leave to cool down, filter and drink 1 cup 3 times a day. For pneumonia: Prepare a decoction with 16 grams of roasted and ground seeds in 1.5 liter (6 cups) of water, boil for at least 10 minutes. Filter, leave to cool down and drink one and a half cup 3 times a day. To obtain beneficial effects on pneumonia and even bronchodilator effects, take one and a half cup of the traditional coffee preparation made with roasted and ground seed³¹. For after anger, hepatitis, poor blood quality, intestinal parasites and vertigo: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use.	1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 WENIGER B, 1987-88 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 4 OMS/WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4(original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 5 MIYAKE T, SHIBAMOTO T, 1993 Quantitative analysis of acetaldehyde in foods and beverages. J Agric Food Chem 41(11):1968-1970. 6 KASAI H, KUMENO K, AMAIZUMI Z, NISHIMURA S, NAGAO M, FUJITA Y, SUGIMURA T, NUKAYA H, KOSUGE T, 1982 Mutagenicity of methylglyoxal in coffee. Jpn J Cancer Res (GANN) 73:681-683. 7 NEURATH GB, DUNGER M, PEIN FG, AMBROSIUS D, SCHREIBER O, 1977 Primary and secondary amines in the human environment. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15:275-282. 8 AMORIM HV, CORTEZ JG, 1973 Methods of organic analysis of coffee. II. Comparison of methods of caffeine determination in green coffee. An Esc Super Agr Luiz De Queiroz Univ Sao Paulo 30:281. 9 DEISINGER PJ, HILL TS, ENGLISH JC, 1996 Human exposure to naturally occurring hydroquinone. J Toxicol Environ Health 47(1):31-46. 10 NISHINA A, KAJISHIMA F, MATSUNAGA M, TEZUKA H, INATOMI H, OSAWA T, 1994 Antimicrobial substance, 3',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone, in coffee residue. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 58(2):293-296. 11 AESCHBACH R, KUSY A, MAIER HG, 1982 Diterpenes of coffee. I. Atractyligenin. Z Lebensm-Unters Forsch 175(5):337-341. 12 GROSS G, JACCAUD E, HUGGETT AC, 1997 Analysis of the content of the diterpenes cafestol and kahweol in coffee brews. Food Chem Toxicol 35(6):547-554. 13 DUPLATRE A, TISSE C, ESTIENNE J, 1984 Identification of arabica and robusta [coffee] species by studying the sterol fraction. Ann Falsif Expert Chim Toxicol 77(828):259-270. 14 ANDRADE PB, LEITAO R, SEABRA RM, OLIVEIRA MB, FERREIRA MA, 1997 Development of an HPLC/diode-array detector method for simultaneous determination of seven hydroxy-cinnamic acids in green coffee. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 20(13):2023-2030. 15 SONDHEIMER E, 1958 On the distribution of caffeic acid and the chlorogenic acid isomers in plants. Arch Biochem Biophys 74(1):131-138. 16 MEISSNER W, PODKOWINSKA H, WALKOWSKI A, 1974 Determination of chlorogenic acids in green coffee. Zesz Nauk Akad Ekon Poznaniu Ser 1(58):71. 17 OKUDA T, HATANO T, AGATA I, NISHIBE S, KIMURA K, 1986 Tannins in Artemisia montana, A.princeps and related species of plant. Yakugaku Zasshi 106(10):894-899. 18 HAGGAG MY, 1975 A study of the lipid content of Coffea arabica seeds. Pharmazie 30:409. 19 MAZAAFERA P, 1991 Trigonelline in coffee. Phytochemistry 30(7):2309-2310. 20 TSUJI S, SHIBATA T, OHARA K, OKADA N, ITO Y, 1991 Factors affecting the formation of hydrogen peroxide in coffee. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 32(6):504-512. 21 STOFFELSMA J, SIPMA G, KETTENES DK, PYPKER J, 1968 New volatile components of roasted coffee. J Agric Food Chem 16(6):1000. 22 SPIRO M, 1997 Coffee, tea and chemistry. Chem Rev 6(5):11-15. 23 KOENIG WA, RAHN W, VETTER R, 1980 Identify and quantify emetic active constituents in roast coffee. Colloq Sci Int Café [C.R.] 9:145-149. 24 HOFMANN E, SCHLEE D, REINBOTHE H, 1969 On the occurrence and distribution of allantoin in Boraginaceae. Flora Abt A Physiol Biochem (Jena) 159:510-518. 25 MOLINA MR, DE LA FUENTE G, BATTEN MA, BRESSANI R, 1974 Decaffeination. A process to detoxify coffee pulp. J Agric Food Chem 22(6):1055. 26 KOLLING-SPEER I, SPEER K, 1997 Diterpenes in coffee leaves. Colloq Sci Int Café [C.R.] 17(15):1-154. 27 WALLER GR, JURZYSTE M, KARNS TKB, GENO PW, 1991 Isolation and identification of ursolic acid from Coffea arabica L. (coffee) leaves. Colloq Sci Int Cafe [C.R.] 14:245-247. 28 HIGUCHI K, SUZUKI T, ASHIHARA H, 1995 Pipecolic acid from the developing fruits (pericarp and seeds) of Coffea arabica and Camellia sinensis. Colloq Sci Int Café[C.R.] 16:389-395. 29 GONZALEZ J, NORIEGA R, SANDOVAL R, 1975 Contribution to the study of flavonoids of coffee tree (Coffea) leaves. Rev Colomb Quim 5:85. 30 CHOU C, WALLER G, 1980 Isolation and identification by mass spectrometry of phytotoxins inCoffea arabica. Bot Bull Acad Sinica (Taiwan) 21(1):25-34. 31 SERAFIN WE, 1996 Drugs used in the treatment of asthma. In: Hardman JG, Gilman AG, Limbird LE Eds. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9^th ed. New York, USA: The McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, International Edition. p672-679. 32 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p47. 33 CAMBAR P, CANALES M, CASTRO E, CASTRO C, MEJIA A, MEDINA F, LAGOS K, AGUILAR J, 1996 Efectos respiratorios y cardiovasculares de los extractos acuosos de las hojas de Coffea arabica L. en conejos. Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 34 GARCIA M,Coto MT, González CS, Pazos L, 1998 Actividad bronquial del extracto acuoso de hoja fresca de Coffea arabica. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 35 CAMBAR P, CANALES M, GAMES V, CASTRO E, MEJIA A, CASTRO C, 1996 Efectos de los extractos acuosos de las hojas de Coffea arabica L. en la producción de úlceras gástricas por ligadura del píloro en ratas. Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 36 DAGLIA M, CUZZONI MT, DACARRO C, 1994 Antibacterial activity of coffee. J Agric Food Chem 42(10):2270-2272. 37 TODA M, OKUBO S, HIYOSHI R, SHIMAMURA T, 1989 The bactericidal activity of tea and coffee. Lett Appl Microbiol 8(4):123-125. 38 KOLEY J, KOLEY BN, MAITRA SR, 1973 Effect of drinking tea, coffee and caffeine on work performance. Indian J Physiol Allied Sci 27:96. 39 ESTLE C, 1982 Caffeine psychotrope agents. Berlin, Germany: Springer verlag, 17:369-389. 40 CURATOLO PW, ROBERTSON D, 1983 The health consequences of caffeine. Ann Intern Med 98:641-653. 41 GREDEN R, 1974 Anxiety of caffeinism. Am J Psychiatry 131:1089-1092. 42 REY H, 1979 Effet d'un gel de caféine par voie cutanée sur la lipolyse locale. Thèse doctorat Médecine, Bordeaux, France. 43 THIERMAM-DUFFAUD D, 1983 Le café augmente-t-il la cholestérolémie? La Presse Médicale 12(34):2062. 44 DEBAS HT, COHEN MM, HOLUBITSKY IB, HARRISON RC, 1971 Caffeine simulated gastric and pepsine secretion: dose-response studies. Scand J Gastroenterol 6(5):453-457. 45 WRIGHT LF, GIBSON RG, HIRSCHOWITZ RI, 1977 Lack of caffeine stimulation of gastric secretion release in man. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 154(4):538-539. 46 MCARTHUR K, HOGAN D, ISENBERG JI, 1982 Relative stimulatory effects of commonly ingested beverages on gastric secretion in human. Gastroenterology 83(1/2):199-203. 47 GARCIA M,Coto MT, González CS, Pazos L, 1998 Toxicidad aguda en ratones, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Coffea arabica. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 48 STADLER RH, TURESKY RJ, MULLER O, MARKOVIC J, LEONG-MORGENTHALER PM, 1994 The inhibitory effects of coffee on radical-mediated oxidation and mutagenicity. Mutat Res 308(2):177-190. 49 STICH HF, ROSIN MP, BRYSON L, 1982 Inhibition of mutagenicity of a model nitrosation reaction by naturally occurring phenolics, coffee and tea. Mutat Res 95:119-128. 50 OBANA H, NAKAMURA SI, TANAKA RI, 1986 Suppressive effects of coffee on the SOS responses induced by UV and chemical mutagens. Mutat Res 175(2):47-50. 51 FUJITA FY, WAKABAYASHI K, NAGAO M, SUGIMURA T, 1985 Characteristics of major mutagenicity of instant coffee. Mutat Res 142(4):145-148. 52 WURZNER HP, LINDSTROM E, VUATAZ L, LUGINBUHL H, 1977 A 2-year feeding study of instant coffees in rats. I. Body weight, food comsumption, hematological parameters and plasma chemistry. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15:7. 53 NOLEN GA, 1981 The effect of brewed and instant coffee on reproduction and teratogenesis in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 58(2):171-183. 54 ABRAHAM SK, 1995 Inhibitory effects of coffee on transplacental genotoxicity in mice. Mutat Res 347(1):45-52. 55 WURZNER HP, LINDSTROM E, VUATAZ L, LUGINBUHL H, 1977 A 2-year feeding study of instant coffees in rats. II. Incidence and types of neoplasms. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15:289. 56 NAGASAWA H, YASUDA M, SAKAMOTO S, INATOMI H, 1995 Protection by coffee cherry against spontaneous mammary tumour development in mice. Anticancer Res 15(1):141-146. 57 HASEGAWA R, ITO N, 1992 Liver medium-term bioassay in rats for screening of carcinogens and modifying factors in hepatocarcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 30(11):979-992. 58 WILLETT WC, STAMPFER MJ, MANSON JE, COLDITZ GA, ROSNER BA, SPEIZER RE, HENNEKENS CH, 1996 Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in women. J Amer Med Assoc 275(6):458-462. 59 TAVANI A, PREGNOLATO A, LA VECCHIA C, NEGRI E, TALAMINI R, FRANCESCHI S, 1997 Coffee and tea intake and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: a study of 3,530 cases and 7,057 controls. Int J Cancer 73(2):193-197. 60 BARON JA, GREENBERG ER, HAILE R, MANDEL J, SANDLER RS, MOTT L, 1997 Coffee and tea and the risk of recurrent colorectal adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6(1):7-10. 61 LUBIN F, RON E, WAX Y, MODAN B, 1985 Coffee and methylxanthines and breast cancer: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 74(3):569-573. 62 WILLIAMS MA, MONSON RR, GOLDMAN MB, MITTENDORF R, 1990 Coffee and delayed conception. Lancet 335(8705):1603. 63 PIRACCINI BM, BARDAZZI F, VINCENZI C, TARDIO MP, 1990 Occupational contact dermatitis due to coffee. Contact Dermatitis 23(2):114. 64 NISHIBE Y, TOMONO N, HIRASAWA H, OKADA T, 1996 Skin-lightening cosmetics containing extracts of Coffea arabica seeds. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-08 92,057.
	Senna occidentalis (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Dominica : café moucha Dominican Republic : brusca Guatemala : frijolillo Honduras : frijolillo Haiti : terrier rouge Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, juice, rubbed on skin¹	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	Use for "bad blood" is part of the cultural tradition of our communities. It has not been listed in the TRAMIL classification. According to published and other information: Use of the leaf for skin conditions, headache, body ache, sorethroat, fever and jaundice, and use of the seed for sore and tinea are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Use of the leaf for stomach pain, of the seed for body ache and of the root for stomach pain, sorethroat and fever is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should fever persist for more than 2 days, jaundice or stomach pain for more than 3 days, or skin conditions for more than 5 days, seek medical attention. Due to the health risks involved with jaundice, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated. Not for use during pregnancy, lactation, or by children under 3 years old.		For skin conditions: Wash injury with boiled water and soap. Thoroughly wash 30–50 grams of leaf (15-20 leaflets), mash and apply in sufficient quantity to affected area. Cover injury with dressing or clean cloth and replace 3-4 times a day. For stomach pain: Prepare a decoction with 15 grams of leaf (7-10 leaflets) and 15 grams of root in 1 liter (4 cups) of water, and boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. Filter, allow to cool down and drink 1 cup 3 times a day³⁶. For headache, fever, jaundice, sorethroat and body ache: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours.	1 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 2 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 3 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 4 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 5 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 6 TIWARI RD, SINGH J, 1977 Anthraquinone pigments from Cassia occidentalis. Planta Med Suppl 32(4):375-377. 7 RAI PP, SHOK M, 1983 Anthraquinone glycosides from plant parts of Cassia occidentalis. Indian J Pharm Sci 45(2):87-88. 8 ANTON R, DUQUENOIS P, 1968 Contribution à l'étude chimique duCassia occidentalis L. Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 26(2):673-680. 9 TIWARI RD, SINGH J, 1977 Flavonoids from the leaves of Cassia occidentalis. Phytochemistry16(7):1107-1108. 10 MAJUMDAR SG, BASAK B, LASKAR S, 1987 Surface hydrocarbons from the leaves of some Cassia species. J Indian Chem Soc 64(4):259-260. 11 ALVES AC, 1964 Pharmacological study of the root of Cassia occidentalis. An Fac Farm Porto 24:65-119. 12 WADER GR, KUDAV NA, 1987 Chemical investigation ofCassia occidentalis Linn. with special reference to isolation of xanthones fromCassia spp. Indian J of Chemisitry 26(B7):703. 13 KUDAV NA, KULKARNI A, 1974 Chemical investigation on Cassia occidentalis. II. Isolation of islandicin, helminthosporine, xanthonin and NMR spectral studies of cassiollin and its derivatives. Indian J Chem 12:1042-1044. 14 LAL-JAWAHAR, GUPTA-PURAN-CHANDRA, 1973 Physcion and phytosterol from the roots of Cassia occidentalis. Phytochemistry 12(5):1186. 15 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, OCAMPO R, Pazos L, 2001 Tránsito intestinal en ratones, con extracto acuoso de raíz fresca de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 16 CACERES A, LOPEZ BR, GIRON MA, LOGEMANN H, 1991 Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 31(3):263-276. 17 CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1995 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 48(2):85-88. 18 PEREZ C, SUAREZ C, 1997 Antifungal activity of plant extracts against Candida albicans. Amer J Chinese Med 25(2):181-184. 19 HUSSAIN HS, DEENI YY, 1991 Plants in Kano ethomedicine; screening for antimicrobial activity and alkaloids. Int J Pharmacog 29(1):51-56. 20 SCHMEDA-HIRSCHMANN G, ROJAS DE ARIAS A, 1992 A screening method for natural products on triatomine bugs. Phytother Res 6(2):68-73. 21 TONA L, NGIMBI NP, TSAKALA M, MESIA K, CIMANGA K, ASPERS S, DE BRUYNE T, PIETERS L, TOTTE J, VLIETINCK AJ, 1999 Antimalarial activity of 20 crude extracts from nine African medicinal plants used in Kinshasa, Congo. J Ethnopharmacol 68(1/3):193-203. 22 SADIQUE J, CHANDRA T, THENMOZHI V, ELANGO V, 1987 Biochemical modes of action ofCassia occidentalis and Cardiospermum halicacabum in inflammation. J Ethnopharmacol 19(2):201-212. 23 SARAF S, DIXIT VK, TRIPATHI SC, PATNAIK GK, 1994 Antihepatotoxic activity of Cassia occidentalis. Int J Pharmacog 32(2):178-183. 24 JAFRI MA, JALIS SUBHANI M, JAVED K, SINGH S, 1999 Hepatoprotective activity of leaves of Cassia occidentalis against paracetamol and ethyl alcohol intoxication in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 66(3):355-361. 25 FENG PC, HAYNES LJ, MAGNUS KE, PLIMMER JR, SHERRAT HS, 1962 Pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants. J Pharm Pharmacol 14:556-561. 26 Garcia GM, Coto MT, Gonzalez CS, Pazos L, 1998 Toxicidad sub-crónica en ratones, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 27 Garcia GM, Coto MT, Gonzalez CS, Pazos L, 1998 Toxicidad sub-crónica en ratones, del extracto acuoso de raíz frescas de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 28 GONZALEZ A, ALFONSO H, 1990 Evaluación de la toxicidad dérmica deMomordica charantia L. yCassia occidentalis L. en conejo y cobayo. Informe TRAMIL. Centro Nacional de Salud Animal, La Habana, Cuba. 29 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2003 Estudio de irritabilidad dérmica, en piel lesionada de conejo, de hoja fresca de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 30 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2003 Irritabilidad de la mucosa en conejo, de raíz fresca de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 31 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2003 Irritabilidad de la mucosa en conejo, de semillas frescas de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 32 O'HARA P, PIERCE K, 1974 A toxic cardiomyopathy caused byCassia occidentalis. II Biochemical studies in poisoned rabbits. Vet Pathol 11(2):110-124. 33 COLVIN BM, HARRISON LR, SANGSTER LT, GOSSER HS, 1986 Cassia occidentalis toxicosis in growing pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189(4):423-426. 34 MARTINS E, MARTINS VM, RIET-CORREA F, SONCINI RA, PARABONI SV, 1986 Intoxicação por Cassia occidentalis (Leguminosae) em suínos. Pesq Vet Bras 6(2):35-38. 35BARTH AT, KOMMERS GO, SALLES MS, WOUTERS F, DE BARROS CS, 1994 Coffee senna (Senna occidentalis) poisoning in cattle in Brazil. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(6):541-545. 36 ALBORNOZ A, 1993 Medicina Tradicional Herbaria. Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Instituto Farmacoterápico Latino S.A. p174.