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Abelmoschus esculentus(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys fruit, crushed, applied locally |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Uses for eye conditions and boils are categorized as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. The fruit should be properly washed and cleaned, and all external trichomes (hairs) should be removed, as they can be irritating to the skin and the mucous membranes. For eye application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination with pathogenic germs or foreign matter that may irritate the conjunctiva. Limit use to three days. If no improvement is observed, seek qualified medical attention. In the event of local adverse reactions, discontinue treatment. |
The fruit of the Abelmoschus esculentus is widely used for human consumption. TRAMIL Research23 There is documented information indicating that it has traditionally been used in the following ways: For eye conditions: To prepare an aqueous maceration, wash and cut 4-5 medium sized fruits (5 cm), and add them to 1 liter (4 cups) of boiling water; let the mixture stand until mucilaginous, then filter the preparation before applying as a wash. For boils: Wash the fruit well, then crush it. Apply 2 to 5 g of this crushed matter to the affected area twice a day. |
1 WENIGER B, 1987-88 MODIFIÉ EN TEST 2 CHARLES C, 1988 3 BASU KP, GHOSH D, 1943 4 WOOLFE ML, CHAPLIN MF, OTCHERE G, 1977 5 DEMETRIADES SD, 1956 6 KOSHIOKA M, NISHIJIMA T, YAMAZAKI H, 1996 7 BUREAU JL, BUSHWAY RJ, 1986 8 SCHMIDT JH, WELLS R, 1990 9 BERRY SK, 1980 10 BANDYUKOVA VA, LIGAI LV, 1987 11 DANIEL M, 1989 12 OSMAN AM, YOUNES MEG, ATA FM, 1974 13 DUKE JA, 1992 14 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 15 GEORGE M, PANDALAI KM 1949 16 VERPOORTE R, DIHAL PP, 1987 17 CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1992 18 CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1995 19 YASUKAWA K, YAMAGUCHI A, ARITA J, SAKURAI S, IKEDA A, TAKIDO M, 1993 20 MANDA F, TADERA K, AOYAMA K, 1992 21 MORTON JF, 1981 22 UEDA A, MANDA F, AOYAMA K, UEDA T, OBAMA K, LI Q, TOCHIGI T, 1993 23CARBALLO A, 1995 24 Olmedo D, RODRIGUEZ N, ESPINOSA A, VASQUEZ Y, Gupta MP, 2005 25 LUCIANO-MONTALVO C, GAVILLAN-SUAREZ J, 2009 |
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Capsicum annuum(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, heated and greased in fat, applied locally1-3 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: The use for boils and ganglionary inflammation is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (WHO)4 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Do not apply leaf for more than three minutes after local erythema (reddening) appears (normal reaction). For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Self-medication should not be used in cases of boils or carbuncles on the face or neck where there is a risk of septicemia. Adverse interaction with barbituric medicines has been documented, therefore ingestion of any plant part should be avoided by people taking these or other medicines metabolized in the liver. The fruit powder may cause reactions of skin hypersensitivity. |
The fruit ofCapsicum annuum is widely used for human consumption. TRAMIL research28 For boils and ganglionary inflammation: Wash injury with boiled water and soap, apply 2-4 grams of leaf to affected area. Note: The popular practice of greasing in fat probably facilitates extraction of the active principle with the rubefacient effect -i.e. capsaicin-, but it carries the risk of overadded infection. |
1 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 2 WENIGER B, 1987-88 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 BALLAND V, GLASGOW A, SPRINGER F, GAYMES G, 2004 TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA, UAG & U.PARIS XI, Saint Vincent. 4 OMS/WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 5 GUTSU EV, KINTYA PK, LAZURIIEVSKII GV, Balashova nn, 1984 Steroid alkaloids and glycosides of Capsicum annuum L. Rast Resur 20(1):127-130. 6 POLITIS J, 1948 Distribution of chlorogenic acid in solanaceae and in the organs of these plants. Compt Rend 226:692-693. 7 TOMAS F, FERRERES F, 1980 Flavonoids from the leaves of Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae). I. Major components. Afinidad 37:517-518. 8 COOPER TH, GUZINSKI JA, FISHER C, 1991 Improved high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of major capsaicinoids in Capsicum oleoresins. J Agric Food Chem 39(12):2253-2256. 9 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants.Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p35. 10 VLIETINCK AJ, VAN HOOF L, TOTTE J, LASURE A, VANDERBERGHE D, RWANGABO PC, MVUKIYUMWAMIJ, 1995 Screening of hundred Rwandese medicinal plants for antimicrobial and antiviral properties. J Ethnopharmacol 46(1):31-47. 11 CACERES A, LOPEZ BR, GIRON MA, LOGEMANN H, 1991 Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 31(3):263-276. 12 FENG PC, HAYNES LJ, MAGNUS KE, PLIMMER JR, 1964 Further pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants. J Pharm Pharmacol Suppl16:115. 13 ABDOU IA, ABDOU-ZEID AA, EL-SHERBEENG MR, ABDOU-EL-EHEAT ZH, 1972 Antimicrobial activities of Allium sativum, Allium cepa, Raphanus sativus, Capsicum frutescens, Eruca sativa, Allium kurat on bacteria. Qual Plant Mater Veg22(1):29-35. 14 CICHEWICZ RH, THORPE PA, 1996 The antimicrobial properties of chili peppers (Capsicum species) and their uses in Mayan medicine. J Ethnopharmacol52(2):61-70. 15 CACERES A, ALVAREZ AV, OVANDO AE, SAMAYOA BE, 1991 Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of respiratory diseases. 1. Sreening of 68 plants against gram-positive bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol 31:193-208. 16 SAMBAIAH K, SATYANARAYANA MN, 1980 Hypocholesterolemic effect of red pepper and capsaicin. Indian J Exp Biol18:898-899. 17 DUKE JA, 1992 Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities.Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. 18 DUKE JA, 2000 Chemicals and their biological activities in: Capsicum annuum L. Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.USDA-ARS-NGRL, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, USA, Aug.10,2000. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/farmacy2.pl 19 DHAWAN BN, PATNAIK GK, RASTOGI RP, SINGH KK, TANDON JS, 1977 Screening of Indian plants for biological activity VI. Indian J Exp Biol 15:208-219. 20 ROCKWELL P, RAW J, 1979 A mutagenic screening of various herbs, spices and food additives. Nutr Cancer 1:10-15. 21 NAGABHUSHAN M, BHIDE SV, 1985 Mutagenicity of chili extract and capsaicin in short term test. Environ Mutagen 7:881-888. 22 HAN Y, SHIN K, WOO W, 1984 Effect of spices on hepatic microsomal enzyme function in mice. Arch Pharm South Korea Res7(1):53-56. 23 SANCHEZ-PALOMERA E, 1951 Concept of the mucous barrier and its significance. Gastroenterology18:269-286. 24 POUSSET JL, 1989 Plantes médicinales Africaines.Paris, France: ACCT. p38. 25 MEDING B, 1993 Skin symptoms among workers in a spice factory. Contact Derm 29(4):202-205. 26 GUZZO CA, LAZARUS GS, WERTH VP, 1996 Dermatological pharmacology. In: HARDMAN JG, GILMAN AG, LIMBIRD LE Eds. Goodman and Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, USA: The McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, International Edition. 27PEISKER V, ARANGUREN ML, MONTERO DE ESPINOSA E, MORAES J, LEAL MS, SANZ J, 1995 Vademécum Internacional. Madrid, España: Medicom S.A. 28CARBALLO A, 1995 Cálculo de concentración y dosis de las drogas vegetales TRAMIL: Mensuraciones farmacognósticas y aproximaciones técnico-clínicas. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 29 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Antimicrobial effect of fresh leaves and their juice of Capsicum annuum. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 30 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de hoja fresca en aceite deCapsicum annuum. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 31 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Clases Tóxicas Agudas Tópica de hoja fresca machacada deCapsicum annuum. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. |
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Carica papaya(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys green fruit, crushed or baked, applied locally1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: The use for boils and urethritis is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information. For topical application, strict measures of hygiene should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Due to the health risks involved with urethritis, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated. Do not use root maceration during pregnancy, lactation or in children under 12 years of age. Do not use for more than 7 consecutive days in any kind of patient. |
The ripe fruit of Carica papaya is widely used for human consumption; when unripe, it is eaten without peel, cooked in various dishes. For boils: Wash the injury with boiled water and soap. Wash the green fruit, grate it, and apply 5-10 grams of vegetal material on the affected area twice a day. Cover the injury with a dressing or clean cloth. For urethritis: There is no available information concerning preparation and dosage other than that referred to by the traditional use. |
1 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 2 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 3 MAC LEOD AJ, PIERIS NM, 1983 Volatile components of papaya (Carica papaya L.) with particular reference to glucosinolate products. J Agric Food Chem31(5):1005-1008. 4 JINDAL KK, SINGH RN, 1975 Phenolic content in male and female Carica papaya: Possible physiological marker for sex identification of vegetative seedlings. Physiol Plant 33:104-107. 5 TANG CS, 1971 Benzyl isothiocyanate of papaya fruit. Phytochemistry 10:117. 6 HASHEM FM, HAGGAG MY, GALAL AMS, 1980 A phytochemical study ofCarica papaya L. growing in Egypt. Egypt J Pharm Sci 21(3/4):199-214. 7 SILVARAJ Y, PAL DK, 1982 Changes in the chemical composition of papaya (Thailand variety) during growth and development. J Food Sci Technol 19:257-259. 8 PICKERSGILL R, SUMNER I, GOODENOUGH P, 1990 Preliminary crystallographic data for protease omega. Eur J Biochem190(2):443-444. 9 GIMLETTED JD, 1939 A dictionary of Malayan medicine. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. 10 ARGUETA A, CANO L, RODARTE ME, 1994 Atlas de las plantas de la medicina tradicional mexicana. Tomo II. México D.F., México: Instituto Nacional Indigenista. p1117-1119. 11 IDSTEINS H, BAUER C, SCHREIER P, 1985 Volatile acids in tropical fruits: cherimoya (Annona cherimolia Mills.), guava (Psidium guajava L.), mango (Mangifera indica L. var. alphonso), papaya (Carica papaya L.). Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 180(5):394-397. 12 KERHARO J, ADAM J, 1974 La Pharmacopée sénégalaise traditionnelle. Paris, France: Ed. Vigot Frères. 13 DUKE JA, 1992 Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants.Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. 14 HEGNAUER R, 1973 Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Basel, Schweiz: Birkhauser Verlag. 6:882. 15 TANG C, 1979 New macrocyclic piperideine alkaloids from papaya leaves: dehydrocarpaine I and II. Phytochemistry18(4):651-652. 18 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p36. 19 CACERES A, 1992 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Informe TRAMIL. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. 20 CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYOA BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1995 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 48(2):85-88. 21 EMERUWA AC, 1982 Antibacterial substances from Carica papaya fruit extract. J Nat Prod 45(2):123-127. 22 OSATO JA, SANTIAGO LA, REMO GM, CUADRA MS, MORI A, 1993 Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of unripe papaya. Life Sci 53(17):1383-1389. 23 GEORGE M, PANDALAI KM, 1949 Investigations on plant antibiotics. Part IV. Further search for antibiotic substances in Indian medicinal plants. Indian J Med Res 37:169-181. 24 GUNDIDZA M, 1986 Screening of extracts from Zimbabwean higher plants II: antifungal properties. Fitoterapia 57(2):111-113. 25 GIORDANI R, SIEPAIO M, MOULIN-TRAFFORT J, REGLI P, 1991 Antifungal action of Carica papaya latex: isolation of fungal cell wall hydrolysing enzymes. Mycoses (Marseille)34(11/12):469-477. 26 KAMBU K, TONA L, KABA S, CIMANGA K, MUKALA N, 1990 Antispasmodic activity of extracts proceeding of plant antidiarrheic traditional preparations used in Kinshasa, Zaire. Ann Pharm Fr48(4):200-208. 27 YASUKAWA K, YAMAGUCHI A, ARITA J, SAKURAI S, IKEDA A, TAKIDO M, 1993 Inhibitory effect of edible plant extracts on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ear oedema in mice. Phytother Res 7(2):185-189. 28 CHEN CF, CHEN SM, CHOW SY, HAN PW, 1981 Protective effects of Carica papaya Linn on the exogenous gastric ulcer in rats. Am J Chin Med 9(3):205-212. 29 GUPTA A, WAMBEBE CO, PARSONS DC, 1990 Central and cardiovascular effects of the alcoholic extract of the leaves of Carica papaya.Int J Crude Drug Res28(4):257-266. 30 STARLEY IF, MOHAMMED P, SCHNEIDER G, BICKLER SW, 1999 The treatment of pediatric burns using topical papaya. Burns 25 (7):636-639. 31GRANDVAUX J, 1986 Carica papaya, plante médicinale d'actualité. Thèse pharmacie nº 6/86, Paris XI, France. 32 PHILLIPSON J, O'NEILL M, 1987 Antimalarial & amoebicidal natural products. In: HOSTETTMANN K, LEA PJ, (Eds). Biologically active natural products. Oxford, USA: Oxford Science Publications. p49-64. 33 POUSSET JL, 1989 Plantes médicinales africaines. Paris, France: ACCT Ed. 34 MONERET VAUTRIN DA, BENOIST M, LAXENAIRE MC, CROIZIER A, GUEANT JL, 1985 Allergy to chymopapain: value of predictive tests before chemonucleolysis. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim4(3):313-315. 35 SOUZA BRITO A, 1988 Acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Carica papaya.(Toxicidad aguda del extracto acuoso de raíz de Carica papaya). Informe TRAMIL. Dep. de Fisiología y Biofísica, Universidad de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil. 36 GarcIa-GonzAlez M, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, Pazos L, 2001 Repeated dose dermal irritability of the grated fresh fruit of Carica papaya. (Irritabilidad dérmica del fruto fresco rallado de Carica papaya dosis repetida). Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 37 ENO AE, OWO OI, ITAM EH, KONYA RS, 2000 Blood pressure depression by the fruit juice of Carica papaya (L.) in renal and DOCA-induced hypertension in the rat. Phytother Res 14(4):235-239. 38 CHINOY NJ, GEORGE SM, 1983 Induction of functional sterility in male rats by low dose of Carica papaya seed extracts treatment. Acta Eur Fertil14(6):425-432. 39 EINARSON TR, BOOTMAN JL, SMITH GH, 1980 Chymopapain. Drug Intell Clin Pharm18:560-568. 40 BADIN R, CASSAIGNE R, CHRISTIE RB, 1978 Papain in pharmaceutical enzymes.Gand, Belgium: Ed.D.Rüyssen & A.Lauwers. |
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Chromolaena odorata(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, warm and greased (lamb fat), applied locally1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: External use for furuncles and skin ulcer is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)4 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. For topical application, strict hygienic measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should furuncles or skin ulcer last for more than 5 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. |
For furuncles and skin ulcer: Wash the affected area with boiled water and soap. Wash leaf thoroughly, warm it slightly over a fire, take 5-10 grams of this vegetal material and apply topically either directly or mixed with animal fat. Cover with a pad or with clean cloth and replace twice a day. |
1 GERMOSÉN-ROBINEAU L, GERÓNIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 2 WHO, 1991 3 BOSE P, CHAKRABARTI D, CHAKRAVARTI S, DUTTA S, BARVA A, 1973 4 ARENE E, PETTIT G, ODE R, 1978 5 FARNSWORTH N, CORDELL GA, KAAS CJ, 1980 6 METWALLY A, EKEJIUBA E, 1981 7 HAI M, SAHA K, AHMAD M, 1995 8 AHMAD M, NABI M, 1967 9 TALAPATRA SK, BHAR DS, TALAPATRA B, 1977 10 IWU M, CHIORI C, 1984 11 BOSE P, CHAKRABARTI P, CHAKRAVARTI S, DUTTA SP, BARUA AK, 1974 12 INYA-AGHA S, OGUNTIMEIN B, SOFOWORA A, BENJAMIN T, 1987 13 NWOKOLO E, 1987 14 LE GRAND A, WONDERGEM PA, 1986 15 GUPTA M, ESPOSITO AVELLA M, 1988 16 JOYEUX M, FLEURENTIN J, DORFMAN P, MONTIER F, 1988 17 FIALLO M, VAZQUEZ TINEO M, 1992 18 CÁCERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1992 19 DUKE JA, 1992 20 FENG PC, HAYNES LJ, MAGNUS KE, PLIMMER JR, SHERRAT HSA, 1962 21 BHAKUNI O, DHAR ML, DHAR MM, DHAWAN BN, MEHROTRA BN, 1969 22 MARTÍNEZ MJ, LÓPEZ M, MOREJÓN Z, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORÓN F, 2000 |
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Cissus verticillata(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, crushed, applied locally2 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: The topical use for abscess, ganglionar inflammation and boils is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and skin toxicity studies. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should the abscess or boils last more than 5 days, seek medical attention. Oral administration for cold, cough and influenza is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Not for use by women during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. |
For abscess, ganglionar inflammation and boils: Wash injury with boiled water and soap. Apply the washed and crushed leaf in sufficient quantity to the affected area. Cover the injury with a dressing or clean cloth. Replace every 12 hours. For colds, cough and influenza: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 WENIGER B, SAVARY H, DAGUIHL R, 1984 Tri phytochimique de plantes de la liste TRAMIL. Laboratoire de chimie des substances naturelles, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université d'Etat d'Haïti, Port au Prince, Haïti. 4 PINEDA M, 1990 Fitoquímica de algunas plantas TRAMIL. Laboratorio enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 5 STANDLEY PC, 1937 The flora of Costa Rica, Pt. I. Bot Serv Field Mus Nat Hist 18(391):398. 6 TOLEDO MCF, REYES FGR, IADEROZA M, FRANCIS FJ, DRAETTA IS, 1983 Anthocyanins from anil trepador (Cissus sicyoides Linn.) J Food Sci 48(4):1368-1369. 7 MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2002 Evaluación de la actividad antiestafilocóccica de Cissus verticillata. Informe TRAMIL.Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Dr. Salvador Allende", La Habana, Cuba. 8 LE GRAND A, WONDERGEM PA, 1986 Activités antimicrobiennes et études bibliographiques de la toxicologie de dix plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe. Rapport TRAMIL. Dép. de Pharmacognosie, Universités de Groningen & Leyden, Hollande. 9 CAMBAR P, 1992 Efecto de los extractos acuosos de Cissus verticillata L. Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 10 GUARDARRAMA I, FRANCO A, ROMERO M, 1992 Estudio preliminar de las propiedades antiserotonínicas del Cissus sicyoides (Bejuco ubí). Informe TRAMIL. Instituto Superior de Ciencias Médicas, Santa Clara, Cuba. TRAMIL VI, Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, UAG/enda-caribe. 11 FENG PC, HAYNES LJ, MAGNUS KE, PLIMMER JR, 1964 Pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants. J Pharm Pharmacol 16:115-117. 12 JIU J, 1966 A survey of some medicinal plants of Mexico for selected biological activities. Lloydia 29:250-259. 13 GARCIA MD, QUILEZ AM, SAENZ MT, MARTINEZ DOMINGUEZ ME, DE LA PUERTA R, 2000. Anti-inflammatory activity of Agave intermixta Trel. and Cissus sicyoides L., species used in South Caribbean traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 71(3): 395-400. 14 MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, BETANCOURT J, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2002. Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de Cissus verticillata. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Dr. Salvador Allende", La Habana, Cuba. 15 MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, BETANCOURT J, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2002. Toxicidad aguda tópica de Cissus verticillata. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Dr. Salvador Allende", La Habana, Cuba. |
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Cocos nucifera(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys fruit oil with fresh |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to available information: Use for asthma, asthenia and weakness is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should asthma last more than 2 days, seek medical attention. There is no information available on this resource for asthmatic crisis. Use for urinary infections is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. Due to the health risks involved with asthma, urinary infection or renal stones, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should urinary infection symptoms last more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Not for use as an orally administered medicine during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. External use for arthritis, flu, burns and nacíos (boils) is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)6 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Limit traditional use only to superficial burns (skin injury) that are not extensive (covering less than 10% of body surface) and are located away from high risk areas such as face, hands, feet and genitals. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should boils persist for more than 5 days, seek medical attention. |
The fruit (seed, mesoderm) and the juice (water) of Cocos nucifera is widely used for human consumption. TRAMIL Research31 For asthma: Drink 15-30 mL (1-2 spoonfuls) of coconut oil 2-3 times a day. For urinary ailments: Drink 250 mL (1 cup) of coconut water 4-6 times a day31. For arthritis, nacíos (boils), flu and burns: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 BALLAND V, GLASGOW A, SPRINGER F, GAYMES G, 2004 TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA, UAG & U.PARIS XI, Saint Vincent. 2 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 4 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 5 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 6 WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 7 MOURAFE J, BROWN WH, WHITING FM, STULL JW, 1975 Unsaponifiable matter of crude and processed coconut oil. J Sci Food Agr26:523. 8 PARIS R, MOYSE H, 1981 Précis de matière médicale.Paris, France: Ed. Maloine. 9 SAITTAGAROON S, KAWAKISHI S, NAMIKI M, 1985 Generation of mannitol from copra meal. J Food Sci50(3):757-760. 10 ATAKEUCHI K, 1961 Amino acids in the endosperm of some Amazonian Palmae. Chiba Daigaku Buurii Gakuba Kiyo Shizen Kagaku 3:321-325. 11 JANSZ ER, JEYA RAJ EE, PIERIS N, ABEYRATNE DJ, 1974 Cyanide liberation from linamarin. J Natl Sci Counc Sri Lanka 2:57-65. 12 KINDERLERER JL, KELLARD B, 1987 Alkylpyrazines produced by bacterial spoilage of heat-treated and gamma-irradiated coconut. Chem Ind (London) 16:567-568. 13 MANNAN A, AHMAD K, 1966 Studies on vitamin E in foods of East Pakistan. Pak J Biol Agr Sci9:13. 14 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants.Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p47. 15 CAMBAR P, ALGER J, 1989 Efectos broncopulmonares del aceite de coco en conejos. Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 16 CAMBAR P, 1987 Prevención de la producción de úlceras gástricas experimentales por algunos extractos de plantas.Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 17 CACERES A, GIRON LM, ALVARADO SR, TORRES MF, 1987 Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 20(3):223-237. 18 VENKATARAMAN S, RAMANUJAN T, VENKATASUBBU V, 1980 Antifungal activity of the alcoholic extract of coconut shellCocos nucifera L. J Ethnopharmacol2(3):291-293. 19 JAIN SK, AGRAWAL SC, 1992 Sporostatic effect of some oils against fungi causing otomycosis. Indian J Med Sci 46(1):1-6. 20 CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1992 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. TRAMIL VI, Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, UAG/enda-caribe. 21 CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1995 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. J Ethnopharmacol48(2):85-88. 22 CACERES A, GIRON LM, MARTINEZ AM, 1987 Diuretic activity of plants used for the treatments of urinary ailments in Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol19(3):233-245. 23 RODRÍGUEZ M, SÁNCHEZ C, 1982 Diuresis del agua de pipa (Cocos nucifera) en ratas. Rev Méd Panamá 7(3):186-19l. 24 KETUSINH O, 1954 Risks associate with intravenous infusion of coconut juice. J Med Ass Thailand 37(5):249-271. 25 MORTON J, 1981 Atlas of medicinal plants of Middle America.Springfield, USA: III: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. 26 BOOTH AN, BICKOFF EM, KOHLER GO, 1960 Estrogen-like activity in vegetable oils and mill by-products. Science 131:1807. 27 SALERNO JW, SMITH DE, 1991 The use of sesame oil and other vegetable oils in the inhibiting of human colon cancer growth in vitro. Anticancer Res 11(1):209-215. 28 LOCNISKAR M, BELURY MA, CUMBERLAND AG, PATRICK KE, FISCHER SM, 1991 The effect of dietary lipid on skin tumor promotion by benzoyl peroxide, comparison of fish, coconut and corn oil. Carcinogenesis 12(6):1023-1028. 29 BERTON TR, FISCHER SM, CONTI CJ, LOCNISKAR MF, 1996 Comparison of ultraviolet light-induced skin carcinogenesis and ornithine decarboxylase activity in sencar and hairless SKH-1 mice fed a constant level of dietary lipid varying in corn and coconut oil. Nutr Cancer 26(3):353-363. 30 CHINDAVANIG A, 1971 Effect of vegetable oils in plasma cholesterol in man and dog. Master Thesis, Dept. Biochemistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. 31 CARBALLO A, 1995 Cálculo de concentración y dosis de las drogas vegetales TRAMIL: Mensuraciones farmacognósticas y aproximaciones técnico-clínicas. Laboratorio Provincial de Producción de Medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 32 Olmedo D, RODRIGUEZ N, ESPINOSA A, VASQUEZ Y, Gupta MP, 2005 Ensayo antimicrobiano de algunas especies con usos significativos TRAMIL-Centroamérica. Informe TRAMIL. Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña CIFLORPAN, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá. 33 GarcIa-GONZÁLEZ M, BARBOZA CJ, 2005 Velocidad del tránsito intestinal en ratones, del extracto acuoso del fruto fresco de Cocos nucifera. Informe TRAMIL. PRONAPLAMED. Depto de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 34 GarcIa-GONZÁLEZ M, BARBOZA CJ, 2005 Toxicidad aguda dosis repetida, en ratones, del extracto acuoso del aceite del fruto de Cocos nucifera. Informe TRAMIL.PRONAPLAMED. Depto de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 35 GarcIa-GONZÁLEZ M, BARBOZA CJ, 2005 Toxicidad aguda (5000 mg/kg) dosis repetida, en ratones, del extracto acuoso (decocción) del fruto fresco de Cocos nucifera. Informe TRAMIL.PRONAPLAMED. Depto de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 36 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2006 Toxicidad oral subcrónica, dosis repetida, en ratón, de aceite del fruto fresco de Cocus nucifera. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 37 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2006 Irritabilidad dérmica, piel lesionada en conejos, del aceite del fruto puro de Cocus nucifera. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 38 PAZOS L, COTO T, REYES L, 2007 Antiinflamatorio tópico, en ratones, del aceite del fruto de Cocus nucifera. Informe TRAMIL, Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
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Cocos nucifera(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys fruit oil, cataplasm |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to available information: Use for asthma, asthenia and weakness is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should asthma last more than 2 days, seek medical attention. There is no information available on this resource for asthmatic crisis. Use for urinary infections is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. Due to the health risks involved with asthma, urinary infection or renal stones, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should urinary infection symptoms last more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Not for use as an orally administered medicine during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. External use for arthritis, flu, burns and nacíos (boils) is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)6 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Limit traditional use only to superficial burns (skin injury) that are not extensive (covering less than 10% of body surface) and are located away from high risk areas such as face, hands, feet and genitals. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should boils persist for more than 5 days, seek medical attention. |
The fruit (seed, mesoderm) and the juice (water) of Cocos nucifera is widely used for human consumption. TRAMIL Research31 For asthma: Drink 15-30 mL (1-2 spoonfuls) of coconut oil 2-3 times a day. For urinary ailments: Drink 250 mL (1 cup) of coconut water 4-6 times a day31. For arthritis, nacíos (boils), flu and burns: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 BALLAND V, GLASGOW A, SPRINGER F, GAYMES G, 2004 TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA, UAG & U.PARIS XI, Saint Vincent. 2 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 4 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 5 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 6 WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 7 MOURAFE J, BROWN WH, WHITING FM, STULL JW, 1975 Unsaponifiable matter of crude and processed coconut oil. J Sci Food Agr26:523. 8 PARIS R, MOYSE H, 1981 Précis de matière médicale.Paris, France: Ed. Maloine. 9 SAITTAGAROON S, KAWAKISHI S, NAMIKI M, 1985 Generation of mannitol from copra meal. J Food Sci50(3):757-760. 10 ATAKEUCHI K, 1961 Amino acids in the endosperm of some Amazonian Palmae. Chiba Daigaku Buurii Gakuba Kiyo Shizen Kagaku 3:321-325. 11 JANSZ ER, JEYA RAJ EE, PIERIS N, ABEYRATNE DJ, 1974 Cyanide liberation from linamarin. J Natl Sci Counc Sri Lanka 2:57-65. 12 KINDERLERER JL, KELLARD B, 1987 Alkylpyrazines produced by bacterial spoilage of heat-treated and gamma-irradiated coconut. Chem Ind (London) 16:567-568. 13 MANNAN A, AHMAD K, 1966 Studies on vitamin E in foods of East Pakistan. Pak J Biol Agr Sci9:13. 14 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants.Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p47. 15 CAMBAR P, ALGER J, 1989 Efectos broncopulmonares del aceite de coco en conejos. Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 16 CAMBAR P, 1987 Prevención de la producción de úlceras gástricas experimentales por algunos extractos de plantas.Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 17 CACERES A, GIRON LM, ALVARADO SR, TORRES MF, 1987 Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 20(3):223-237. 18 VENKATARAMAN S, RAMANUJAN T, VENKATASUBBU V, 1980 Antifungal activity of the alcoholic extract of coconut shellCocos nucifera L. J Ethnopharmacol2(3):291-293. 19 JAIN SK, AGRAWAL SC, 1992 Sporostatic effect of some oils against fungi causing otomycosis. Indian J Med Sci 46(1):1-6. 20 CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1992 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. TRAMIL VI, Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, UAG/enda-caribe. 21 CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1995 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. J Ethnopharmacol48(2):85-88. 22 CACERES A, GIRON LM, MARTINEZ AM, 1987 Diuretic activity of plants used for the treatments of urinary ailments in Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol19(3):233-245. 23 RODRÍGUEZ M, SÁNCHEZ C, 1982 Diuresis del agua de pipa (Cocos nucifera) en ratas. Rev Méd Panamá 7(3):186-19l. 24 KETUSINH O, 1954 Risks associate with intravenous infusion of coconut juice. J Med Ass Thailand 37(5):249-271. 25 MORTON J, 1981 Atlas of medicinal plants of Middle America.Springfield, USA: III: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. 26 BOOTH AN, BICKOFF EM, KOHLER GO, 1960 Estrogen-like activity in vegetable oils and mill by-products. Science 131:1807. 27 SALERNO JW, SMITH DE, 1991 The use of sesame oil and other vegetable oils in the inhibiting of human colon cancer growth in vitro. Anticancer Res 11(1):209-215. 28 LOCNISKAR M, BELURY MA, CUMBERLAND AG, PATRICK KE, FISCHER SM, 1991 The effect of dietary lipid on skin tumor promotion by benzoyl peroxide, comparison of fish, coconut and corn oil. Carcinogenesis 12(6):1023-1028. 29 BERTON TR, FISCHER SM, CONTI CJ, LOCNISKAR MF, 1996 Comparison of ultraviolet light-induced skin carcinogenesis and ornithine decarboxylase activity in sencar and hairless SKH-1 mice fed a constant level of dietary lipid varying in corn and coconut oil. Nutr Cancer 26(3):353-363. 30 CHINDAVANIG A, 1971 Effect of vegetable oils in plasma cholesterol in man and dog. Master Thesis, Dept. Biochemistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. 31 CARBALLO A, 1995 Cálculo de concentración y dosis de las drogas vegetales TRAMIL: Mensuraciones farmacognósticas y aproximaciones técnico-clínicas. Laboratorio Provincial de Producción de Medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 32 Olmedo D, RODRIGUEZ N, ESPINOSA A, VASQUEZ Y, Gupta MP, 2005 Ensayo antimicrobiano de algunas especies con usos significativos TRAMIL-Centroamérica. Informe TRAMIL. Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña CIFLORPAN, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá. 33 GarcIa-GONZÁLEZ M, BARBOZA CJ, 2005 Velocidad del tránsito intestinal en ratones, del extracto acuoso del fruto fresco de Cocos nucifera. Informe TRAMIL. PRONAPLAMED. Depto de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 34 GarcIa-GONZÁLEZ M, BARBOZA CJ, 2005 Toxicidad aguda dosis repetida, en ratones, del extracto acuoso del aceite del fruto de Cocos nucifera. Informe TRAMIL.PRONAPLAMED. Depto de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 35 GarcIa-GONZÁLEZ M, BARBOZA CJ, 2005 Toxicidad aguda (5000 mg/kg) dosis repetida, en ratones, del extracto acuoso (decocción) del fruto fresco de Cocos nucifera. Informe TRAMIL.PRONAPLAMED. Depto de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 36 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2006 Toxicidad oral subcrónica, dosis repetida, en ratón, de aceite del fruto fresco de Cocus nucifera. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 37 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2006 Irritabilidad dérmica, piel lesionada en conejos, del aceite del fruto puro de Cocus nucifera. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 38 PAZOS L, COTO T, REYES L, 2007 Antiinflamatorio tópico, en ratones, del aceite del fruto de Cocus nucifera. Informe TRAMIL, Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
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Momordica charantia(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys aerial parts, crushed, bath5 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for furuncles and common cold is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. Use for dry skin conditions, itching, lice (pediculosis) and burns is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)4 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. For topical application, strict hygienic measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should furuncles last more than 5 days, seek medical attention. Do not take orally during pregnancy due to risk of abortion. Not for use during lactation or by children under 3 years old. |
For skin conditions: Wash the aerial parts of the plant thoroughly and crush them. Apply 30 grams (a handful) of vegetal material on the affected area of skin 3 times a day. For common cold: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 2 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 3 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-1995 Encuestas TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 4 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 5 WENIGER B, 1987-88 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 6 Castillo D, Rodriguez S, de los Santos C, Belen A, 2003 Encuesta TRAMIL (Zambrana, Cotuí). Dep. de Botánica, Jardín BotánicoNacional, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana. 7 Castillo D, Rodriguez S, de los Santos C, Belen A, 2003 Encuesta TRAMIL (region Este). Dep. de Botánica, Jardín BotánicoNacional, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana. 8 DELENS M, 1990 Encuesta TRAMIL en Barlovento, Edo. Miranda de Venezuela. Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular CESAP, Caracas, Venezuela. 9 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala. 10 O'REILLY A, 1992 TRAMIL survey. Chemistry & Food Technology Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Dunbars, Antigua & Barbuda. 11 OCAMPO R, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica), Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. 12 FAUJOUR A, MURREY D, CHELTENHAM-CORBIN B, CARRINGTON S, 2003 TRAMIL survey. IICA & UAG, Saint Thomas, Barbados. 13 BENEDETTI MD, 1994 Encuesta TRAMIL. Universidad de Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. 14 WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 15 WENIGER B, SAVARY H, DAGUIHL R, 1984 Tri phytochimique de plantes de la liste TRAMIL. Laboratoire de chimie des substances naturelles, Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, Université d'Etat d'Haïti, Port au Prince, Haïti. 16 HERRERA J, 1990 Determinación de actividades biológicas de vegetales utilizados en medicina tradicional. Informe TRAMIL. Dep. de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 17 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p110. 18 YASUDA M, IWAMOTO M, OKABE H, YAMAUCHI T, 1984 Structures of momordicines I, II and III, the bitter principles in the leaves and vines of Momordica charantia. Chem Pharm Bull 32(5):2044-2047. 19 DHALLA NS, GUPTA KC, SASTRY MS, MALHOTRA CL, 1961 Chemical composition of the fruit of Momordica charantia. Indian J Pharmacy 23:128-130. 20 KANNA B, 1976 Insulin from Momordica charantia. Patent-Japan Kokai. 21 NG TB, YEUNG HW, 1984 Bioactive constituents of Cucurbitaceae plants with special emphasis on Momordica charantia and Trichosanthes kirilowii. Seoul, Korea: Proc. 5th. Symposium Medicinal Plants and Spices. 22 KHANNA P, MOHAN S, 1973 Isolation and identification of diosgenin and sterols from fruits and in vitro cultures ofMomordica charantia. Indian J Exp Biol11:58-60. 23 OKABE H, MIYAHARA K, YAMAGUCHI T, MIYAHARA K, KAWASAKI T, 1980 Studies on the constituents ofMomordica charantia L. I: Isolation and characterization of momordicosides A and B, glycosides of a pentahydroxy-cucurbitane triterpene. Chem Pharm Bull28(9):2753-2762. 24 RODRIGUEZ DB, RAYMUNDO LC, TUNG-CHING LEE, SIMPSON KL, CHICHESTER CO, 1976 Carotenoid pigment changes in ripening Momordica charantia fruits. Ann Bot (London)40:615-624. 25 LIN JY, HOU MJ, CHEN YC, 1978 Isolation of toxic and non-toxic lectins from the bitter pear melon (Momordica charantia). Toxicon16:653. 26 IYER RI, NAGAR PK, SIRCAR PK, 1981 Endogenous cytokinins in seeds of bittergourd Momordica charantia. Indian J Exp Biol19:766-767. 27 WONG CM, YEUNG HW, NG TB, 1985 Screening of Trichosanthes kirilowii,Momordica charantia andCucurbita maxima (family Cucurbitaceae) for compounds with antilipolytic activity. J Ethnopharmacol 13(3):313-321. 28 YEUNG HW, LI WW, FENG Z, BARBIERI L, STIRPE F, 1988 Trichosanthin, alpha-momorcharin and beta-momorcharin: Identity of abortifacient and ribosome-inactivating protein. Int J Peptide Protein Res 31(3):265-268. 29 MIYAHARA Y, OKABE H, YAMAUCHI T, 1981 Studies on the constituents ofMomordica charantia L. II: Isolation and characterization of minor seed glycosides, momordicosides C, D and E. Chem Pharm Bull29(6):1561-1566. 30 SAUVAIN M, KODJOED JF, BERGRAVE SJ, BONNEVIE O, DEDET JP, 1986 Plantes fébrifuges en médecine traditionnelle en Haïti et en République Dominicaine et thérapie du paludisme. Rapport TRAMIL: ORSTOM, Cayenne, Guyane Française. 31 MORETTI C, 1989 Determinación de la actividad antimalárica de plantas utilizadas por la medicina tradicional (Momordica charantia). TRAMIL IV, Tela, Honduras, UNAH/enda-caribe. 32 CACERES A, JAUREGUI E, HERRERA D, LOGEMANN H, 1991 Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal infections. 1: Screening of 38 plant extracts for anticandidal activity. J Ethnopharmacol 33(3):277-283. 33 HEAL R, ROGERS E, WALLACE RT, STARNES O, 1950 A survey of plants for insecticidal activity. Lloydia13(2):89-162. 34 OGUNLANA EO, RAMSTAD E, 1975 Investigation into the antibacterial activities of local plants. Planta Med27(4):354-360. 35 HUSSAIN HSN, DEENI YY, 1991 Plants in Kano ethnomedicine; screening for antimicrobial activity and alkaloids. Int J Pharmacol29(1):51-56. 36 MANEELRT S, SATTHAMPONGSA A, 1978 Antimicrobial activity ofMomordica charantia. Undergraduate special project report. Bangkok, Thailand: Mahidol University. Faculty of Pharmacy. 37 LAL J, CHANDRA S, RAVIPRAKASH V, SABIR M, 1976 In vitro anthelmintic action of some indigenous medicinal plants on Ascardia galli worms. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol20(2):64-68. 38 BISWAS AR, RAMASWAMY S, BAPNA JS, 1991 Analgesic effect ofMomordica charantia seed extract in mice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol31(1):115-118. 39 MOKKHASMIT M, SAWASDIMONGKOL K, SATRAWAHA P, 1971 Study on toxicity of Thai medicinal plants. Bull Dept Med Sci 12(1/2):36-65. 40 GONZALEZ A, ALFONSO H, 1990 Evaluación de la toxicidad dérmica deMomordica charantia L.,Foeniculum vulgare Mill yCassia occidentalis L. en cobayos. Informe TRAMIL. Centro Nacional de Salud Animal, La Habana, Cuba. 41 GONZALEZ A, ALFONSO H, 1990 Evaluación de la toxicidad dérmica deMomordica charantia L. yCassia occidentalis L. en conejos. Informe TRAMIL. Centro Nacional de Salud Animal, La Habana, Cuba. 42 TABORA O, 1986 Estudio de toxicidad aguda en ratones de la fracción hipoglucemiante deMomordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: IV Semana Científica Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH. 43 SAKSENA SK, 1971 Study of antifertility activity of the leaves ofMomordica (karela). Indian J Physiol Pharmacol15(2):79-80. 44 PRAKASH AO, MATHUR R, 1976 Screening of Indian plants for antifertility activity. Indian J Exp Biol14(5):623-626. 45 SHARMA VN, SOGANI RK, ARORA RB, 1960 Some observations on hypoglycemic activity of Momordica charantia. Indian J Med Res48(4):471-477. 46 DIXIT VP, KHANNA P, BHARGAVA SK, 1978 Effects ofMomordica charantia fruit extract on the testicular function of dog. Planta Med34(3):280-286. 47 KOENTJORO-SOEHADI T, SANTA I, 1982 Perspectives of male contraception with regards to Indonesian traditional drugs. 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