Français
English
Españolconjunctivitis
 |
Catharanthus roseus(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys flower, decoction, compresses1-2,21 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for conjunctivitis is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, on toxicity studies and on available published scientific information. Strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection and to avoid contact with conjunctiva-irritating substances. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should conjunctivitis last more than 3 days, medical attention should be sought for. Do not ingest any part of the plant due to toxicity risk. |
For conjunctivitis: Prepare an infusion with 1/2 liter (2 cups) of boiling water and 3-4 white flowers. Cover pot, leave to cool down for 5-10 minutes, and filter. Apply the infusion, with a cotton compress, on the affected eye for 5-10 minutes, repeat 2-3 times a day. |
1 CARBALLO A, 1990 Encuesta TRAMIL. Centro de investigación de fitoterapia y medicina tradicional de Topes de Collantes, Trinidad, Cuba. 2 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Dep. de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 3 DAVEY JE, VAN STADEN J, DE LEEUW GTN, 1981 Endogenous cytokinin levels and development of flower virescence in Catharanthus roseus infected with mycoplasmas. Physiol Plant Pathol 19:193-200. 4 ALI I, 1990 The alkaloids in flowers of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Gomal Univ J Res 10(1):27-31. 5 ROJAS MCN, CUELLAR MCA, 1981 Comparative microbiological studies of the alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus and other related compounds. Rev Cubana Farm 15(2):131-138. 6 WILLAMAN JJ, LI HL, 1970 Alkaloid-bearing plants and their contained alkaloids, 1957-1968. Lloydia 33S(1):1-286. 7 ATTA-UR-RAHMAN, ALI I, BASHIR M, 1984 Isolation and structural studies on the alkaloids in flowers of Catharanthus roseus. J Nat Prod 47(3):554-555. 8 SEVESTRE-RIGOUZZO M, NEF-CAMPA C, GHESQUIERE A, CHRESTIN H, 1993 Genetic diversity and alkaloid production in Catharanthus roseus, C. trichophyllus and their hybrids. Euphytica 55(1):151-159. 9 MILO J, 1981 Flower color inheritance and shoot and ajmalicine yield components in successive developmental stages of pure lines and F-1 hybrids in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Thesis-MS-Hebrew University. 10 LARA G, LASTRA H, 1991 Determinación de vinblastina en el follaje de Catharanthus roseus G. Don. Rev Cubana Farm 25(1):56-62. 11 LASTRA H, RISCO G, CUELLAR A, 1986 Métodos para la obtención de catharanthina y vindolina a partir del Catharanthus roseus G. Don. Rev Cubana Farm 20(2):181-5. 12 NEOGI N, BHATIA M, 1956 Biological investigation of Vinca rosea. Indian J Pharmacy 18:73. 13 ROJAS M, CUELLAR M, 1981 Comparative microbiological studies of the alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus and other related compounds. Rev Cubana Farm 15(2):131-138. 14 CHILE SK, VYASK KM, 1984 Efficacy of Vinca rosea extracts against protease from human pathogenic strains of Trichophyton rubrum. Hindustan Antibiot Bull 26(3/4):114-116. 15 KUBAS J, 1972 Investigations on known or potential antitumoral plants by means of microbiological tests. Part III. Biological activity of some cultivated plant species in Neurospora crassa test. Acta Biol Cracov Ser Bot 15:87-100. 16 KALYANASUNDARAM M, DAS P, 1985 Larvicidal and synergistic activity of plant extracts for mosquito control. Indian J Med Res 82(1):19-23. 17 GARCIA G, GARCIA R, 1987 Efectos sobre las estructuras oculares de la decocción de flores de vicaria blanca. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Industria Médico-Farmacéutica, La Habana, Cuba. 18 ZANUTI SRS, VERARDO SMS, PETERS VM, GUERRA MO, 1989 Reduçäo do tamanho e do peso de fetos de ratas tratadas com decocto de flor de Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don. Bol Centro Biol Reprod 8:23-31. 19 CHAUHAN S, AGRAWAL S, MATHUR R, GUPTA RK, 1979 Phosphatase activity in testis and prostate of rats treated with embelin and Vinca rosea extract. Experientia 35(9):1183-1185. 20 WEE Y, GOPALAKRISHNAKONE P, CHAN A, 1988 Poisonous plants in Singapore - a colour chart for identification with symptoms and signs of poisoning. Toxicon 26(1):47-. 21 MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, GARCIA MJ, BOUCOURT E, VICTORIA M, FUENTES V, MORON F, BOULOGNE I, ROBINEAU L, 2009 Encuesta TRAMIL preliminar a grupos de vecinos en los municipios 10 de Octubre, Lisa, Marianao, Habana del Este (Cojímar) en la Ciudad de la Habana. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. |
|
 |
Citrus aurantiifolia(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys fruit, juice, instillation1-2 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for conjunctivitis, headache, ear pain, fever, flu, cough and diarrhea is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)4 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection, and contact with any substance that may be irritating for the conjunctiva should be avoided. In case of conjunctivitis, there is a risk of increasing irritation with the application of the Citrus spp juice. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should the conjunctivitis last more than 3 days, seek medical attention. In cases of ear pain, this may be due to otitis media or interna; therefore the evaluation of a physician is recommended as the first step. Use is contraindicated in the presence of secretions in the ear and/or possible perforation of tympanum. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should ear pain or fever last more than 2 days, seek medical attention. In cases of diarrhea, should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should diarrhea last more than 3 days in adult or 2 days in children, seek medical attention. In diarrhea, the use of this resource is complementary to oral re-hydration therapy. Not for use by women during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. The essential oil of the plant can cause reactions of hypersensitivity reactions. |
The fruit and the juice of Citrus aurantiifolia are widely used for human consumption and the peel is an industrial source of essential oil. For all reported uses: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 WENIGER B, 1987-88 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 4 HERRERA J,1994 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Laboratorio de Fitofarmacología, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 5 HAY YO,1998 Enquête TRAMIL (St. Georges). Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD, Cayenne, Guyane. 6 EDOUARD JA, 1992 Enquête TRAMIL. Lycée agricole, Baie-Mahault, Guadeloupe. 7 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 8 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 9 BENEDETTI MD,1994 Encuesta TRAMIL. Universidad de Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. 10 SolIs PN, Espinosa A, De Gracia J, Martínez L, Gupta MP, 2003 Encuesta TRAMIL (Emberá-Wounaann). Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá. 11 WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 12 EKUNDAYO O, BAKARE O, ADESOMOJU A, STAHL-BISKUP E, 1991 Volatile constituents of the leaf oil of Nigerian lime (Citrus aurantiifolia). J Essent Oil Res 3(2):119-120. 13 BEZANGER-BEAUQUESNE L, PINKAS M, TORCK M, 1986 Les plantes dans la thérapeutique moderne. 2 éd. Paris, France: Ed. Maloine. 14 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p45. 15 SAUVAIN M, KODJOED JF, BERGRAVE SJ, BONNEVIE O, DEDET JP, 1986 Plantes fébrifuges en médecine traditionnelle en Haïti et en République Dominicaine et thérapie du paludisme. Rapport TRAMIL. ORSTOM, Cayenne, Guyane Française. 16 NOGATA Y, YOZA KI, KUSUMOTO KI, KOHYAMA N, SEKIYA K, OHTA H, 1996 Screening for inhibitory activity of Citrus fruit extracts against platelet cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. J Agric Food Chem 44(3):725-729. 17 CACERES A, GIRON L, ALVARADO S, TORRES MF, 1987 Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 20(3):223-237. 18 EBANA RU, MADUNAGU BE, EKPE ED, OTUNG IN, 1991 Microbiological exploitation of cardiac glycosides and alkaloids from Garcinia kola, Borreria ocymoides, Kola nitida and Citrus aurantiifolia. J Appl Bacteriol 71(5):398-401. 19 KOICHUSAKUL S, SATHITNIRAIMAI S, 1977 Studies of the effect of sour fruits on acid secretion in the stomach. Undergraduate special problem report. Fac Med (Siriraj Hosp) Mahidol Univ, Bangkok, Thailand. 20 DHAWAN BN, PATNAIK GK, RASTOGI RP, SINGH KK, TANDON JS, 1977 Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. VI. Indian J Exp Biol 15(3):208-219. 21 LAM L, ZHENG B, 1991 Effects of essential oils on glutathione S-transferase activity in mice. J Agric Food Chem 39(4):660-662. 22 EL KELTAWI N, MEGALLA S, ROSS S, 1980 Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian aromatic plants. Herbal Pol 26(4):245-250. 23 ADESINA S, 1982 Studies on some plants used as anticonvulsants in Amerindian and African traditional medecine. Fitoterapia 53:147-162. 24 GUPTA M, 1987 Essential oil: a new source of bee repellents. Chem Ind (London) 5:161-163. 25 HARTMAN JG, LIMBIRD ILE, Eds., 1996 Goodman & Gilman Las bases farmacológicas de la terapéutica, 9a ed. México, México:Mc Graw-Hill Interamericana. 26 BALA S, GROVER IS, 1989 Antimutagenicity of some Citrus fruits in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res 222(3):141-148. 27 PELLECUER J, 1995 Aromaterapia y toxicidad de los aceites esenciales. Natura Medicatrix 37(8):36-40. 28 Olmedo D, RODRIGUEZ N, ESPINOSA A, VASQUEZ Y, Gupta MP, 2005 Ensayo antimicrobiano de algunas especies con usos significativos TRAMIL-Centroamérica. Informe TRAMIL. Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña CIFLORPAN, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá. 29 MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Clases tóxicas agudas (CTA) de una decocción de corteza de fruto fresco de Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swing. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 30 MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005. Clases tóxicas agudas (CTA) de una decocción de hoja fresca de Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swing. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 31 GarcIa-GONZÁLEZ M, BARBOZA CJ. 2005 Toxicidad aguda (5000 mg/kg) dosis repetida, en ratones, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Citrus aurantiifolia. Informe TRAMIL GEF/UNEP.PRONAPLAMED. Depto de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 32 GarcIa-GONZÁLEZ M, BARBOZA CJ. 2005 Velocidad del tránsito intestinal en ratones, del extracto acuoso del fruto fresco de Citrus aurantiifolia. Informe TRAMIL. PRONAPLAMED. Depto de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 33 GarcIa-GONZÁLEZ M, BARBOZA CJ. 2005 Velocidad del tránsito intestinal en ratones, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Citrus aurantiifolia. Informe TRAMIL. PRONAPLAMED. Depto de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 34 DELAIGUE J, 2005 TRAMIL survey. UAG & PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago. 35 ZambranoLE, 2007 Encuesta TRAMIL en Guareguare, Miranda. UCV, Caracas, Venezuela. 36 OCRISSE G, 2008 Enquête TRAMIL auprès de 250 familles de la moitié Est de la partie francophone de St Martin. Biologie végétale, UAG, Guadeloupe. 37 BALZ E, BOYER A, BURAUD M, 2007 Enquête TRAMIL à Marie-Galante. U. Bordeaux 3, U. Paris XI Chatenay-Malabry, UAG, Guadeloupe. 38 MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2007 Irritabilidad dérmica (piel sana) primaria de zumo fresco de fruto de Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm) Swing var mexicana.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 39 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009 Irritación ocular, en conejos, del jugo fresco del fruto de Citrus aurantiifolia. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 40 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009 Toxicidad oral aguda, dosis repetida, en ratón, hoja fresca de Citrus aurantiifolia. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 41 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009 Toxicidad oral aguda, dosis repetida, en ratón, cáscara del fruto fresco de Citrus aurantiifolia. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 42 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 43 FRIAS AI, GARCIA N, MOREJON Z, MORON F, VICTORIA MC, 2009 Efecto antiinflamatorio tópico del zumo puro del fruto fresco de Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle (limón) en el edema de la oreja inducido por aceite de Croton en ratones. Trabajo TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana. 45 BOULOGNE I, 2009 Enquête TRAMIL, (Terre-de-Bas et Terre-de-Haut) Les Saintes, UAG, Guadeloupe. 46 LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, MARTINEZ MJ, BACALLAO Y, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2009 Irritabilidad dérmica piel lesionada, dosis repetida de Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) Swing. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Cuba, C. Habana. |
|
 |
Citrus aurantium(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys fruit, juice, instillation2-3 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for colic, conjunctivitis, headache, fever, flu, intestinal parasites and cough is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)4 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. In every application in the eyes, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Additionally, contact with any substances that may be irritating to the conjunctiva should be avoided. There exists the risk of increasing irritation due to the application of Citrus spp juice. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should fever last more than 2 days, or should conjunctivitis or headache last more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Use for diarrhea and flatulence is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. In the case of diarrhea, the use of this resource can be considered complementary to oral re-hydration therapy. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should diarrhea last more than 3 days in adult, or 2 days in children, seek medical attention. Due to the risk of interaction with cyclosporin, ingestion of the fruit decoction should be avoided by anyone taking this medicine. The essential oil of the plant can cause reactions of hypersensitivity. |
The fruit and the juice of Citrus aurantium are widely used for human consumption and the peel as an industrial source of essential oil. For colic, headache, fever, flu: Prepare a decoction or infusion with 10-15 grams (3-5 tender leaves) in 1/2 liter (2 cups) of water. For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot; for infusion, add boiling water to 3-5 tender leaves, cover and leave to cool down. Drink lukewarm, 1 cup 3 times a day1. For fever: Prepare a decoction with 1-2 teaspoonfuls (5-10 grams) of fruit peel in 250 mL (1 cup) of water, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. Filter, cool down and drink 1 cup 3 times a day33. For flatulence: Prepare an infusion, adding 1 liter (4 cups) of boiling water to the peel of half a fruit. Cover the pot, let it settle for 5-10 minutes and filter. Drink 1 cup as needed5. For intestinal parasites: Prepare a decoction with 8-18 tender leaves in 1/2 liter (2 cups) of water. Boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. Leave it to cool down, sweeten with honey and drink lukewarm, 1 cup twice a day1. For conjunctivitis, diarrhea, flu, cough (juice): There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 MENDEZ M, MEDINA ML, DURAN R, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Unidad de recursos naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán CICY, Mérida, México. 2 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 3 WENIGER B, 1987-88 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 4 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 5 MARCELLE G, 1996 TRAMIL survey. Produce chemist laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, St George's, Grenada. 6 BENEDETTI MD, 1994 Encuesta TRAMIL. Universidad de Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. 7 OMS/WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 8 LIN Z, HUA Y, GU Y, 1986 The chemical constituents of the essential oil from the flowers, leaves and peels of Citrus aurantium. Chih Wu Hsueh Pao 28(6):635-640. 9 RIO JAD, BENAVENTE O, CASTILLO J, BORREGO F, 1992 Neodiosmin, a flavone glycoside of Citrus aurantium. Phytochemistry 31(2):723-724. 10 BENNETT RD, MIYAKE M, OZAKI Y, HASEGAWA S, 1991 Limonoid glucosides in Citrus aurantium.Phytochemistry 30(11):3803-3805. 11 WIDMER WW, 1991 Improvements in the quantitation of limonin in Citrus juice by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 39(8):1472-1476. 12 HERMAN Z, FONG CH, OU P, HASEGAWA S, 1990 Limonoid glucosides in orange juices by HPLC. J Agric Food Chem 38(9):1860-1861. 13 HOSODA K, NOGUCHI M, KANAYA T, HIGUCHI M,1990 Studies on the preparation and evaluation of Kijitsu, the immature citrus fruits. III. Relation between diameter of Kijitsu and synephrine content. Yakugaku Zasshi 110(1):82-84. 14 BEZANGER-BEAUQUESNE L, PINKAS M, TORCK M, 1986 Les plantes dans la thérapeutique moderne. 2 éd. Paris, France: Ed. Maloine. 15 WAGNER H, BLADT S, MUNZING-VASITIAN K, 1975 Thin-layer chromatography of bitter principle drugs. Pharm-Ztg 120:1262. 16 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press, p45. 17 AVIRUTANT W, PONGPAL A, 1983 The antimicrobial activity of some Thai flowers and plants. Mahidol Univ J Pharm Sci 10(3):81-86. 18 CACERES A, GIRON LM, ALVARADO SR, TORRES MF, 1987 Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 20(3):223-237. 19 KIM DH, SONG MJ, BAE EA, HAN MJ, 2000 Inhibitory effect of herbal medicines on rotavirus infectivity. Biol Pharm Bull 23(3):356-358. 20 SANKAWA U, 1980 Screening of bioactive compounds in oriental medicinal drugs. Korean J Pharmacog 11:125-132. 21 KINOSHITA T, SAMESHIMA M, SANKAWA U, 1979 Isolation of a sympathomimetic substance from Chinese medicinal drugs originated from Citrus sp. Shoyakugaku Zassmi 33:146-149. 22 FORSTER HB, NIKLAS H, LUTZ S, 1980 Antispasmodic effects of some medicinal plants. Planta Med 40(4):309-319. 23 YOO JS, JUNG JS, LEE TH, SON KH, SUH HW, SONG DK, KIM YH, 1995 Inhibitory effects of extracts from traditional herbal drugs on 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced diarrhea in mice. Korean J Pharmacog 26(4):355-359. 24 IWAMA H, AMAGAYA S, OGIHARA Y, 1986 Effects of five kampohozais on the mitogenic activity of lipopolysaccharide, concanavalin A, phorbol myristate acetate and phytohemagglutinin in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol 18(2):193-204. 25 HIRANO H, TAKASE H, YAMAMOTO K, YANASE T, ABE K, SAITO Y, 1997 The anti-ulcer effects of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus, Aurantii Fructus and the principles in Aurantii Fructus Immaturus. Nat Med 51(3):190-193. 26 AZUMA S, YADA Y, IMOKAWA G, TAZAKI S, SHINHO T, 1996 Skin-lightening cosmetics containing plant extracts and ascorbic acid or placenta extracts. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokyo Koho-08 208,451. 27 AMEER B, WEINTRAUB RA, JOHNSON JV, YOST RA, ROUSEFF RL, 1996 Flavonone absorption after naringin, hesperidin, and Citrus administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 60(1):34-40. 28HARTMAN JG, LIMBIRD ILE, Eds., 1996 Goodman & Gilman las bases farmacológicas de la Terapéutica, 9a edición. México, México: McGraw-Hill Editorial. p1670-1671. 29 HOU YC, HSIU SL, TSAO CW, WANG YH, CHAO PD, 2000 Acute intoxication of cyclosporin caused by coadministration of decoctions of the fruits of Citrus aurantium and the pericarps of Citrus grandis.Planta Med 66(7):653-655. 30 SATO A, 1989 Studies on anti-tumor activity of crude drugs. I. The effects of aqueous extracts of some crude drugs in short term screening test. Yakugaku Zasshi 109(6):407-423. 31 YAMAMOTO H, MIZUTANI T, NOMURA H, 1982 Studies on the mutagenicity of crude drug extracts. I. Yakugaku Zasshi 102(6):596-601. 32 MORIMOTO I, WATANABE F, OSAWA T, OKITSU T, KADA T, 1982 Mutagenicity screening of crude drugs with Bacillus subtilis REC-assay and Salmonella microsome reversion assay. Mutat Res 97(2):81-102. 33 CANIGUERAL S, VILA R, RISCO E, PEREZ F, PORTILLO A, FREIXA B, MILO B, VANACLOCHA B, RIOS JL, MORALES MA, ALONSO JR, BACHILLER LI, PERIS JB, STUBING G, 2002 Citrus aurantium. Vademecum de Fitoterapia, Editorial Masson, Barcelona, España, Jul.20,2002. URL: http://www.masson.es/book/fitoterapia.html 34 MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Clases tóxicas agudas (CTA) de una infusión de corteza de fruto fresco de Citrus aurantium L.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 35 MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Clases tóxicas agudas (CTA) de zumo de fruto fresco de Citrus aurantium L.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 36 GarcIa-GONZALEZ M, fallas LV, 2005 Toxicidad aguda dosis repetida, en ratones, del extracto acuoso (decocción) de las hojas frescas de Citrus aurantium . Informe TRAMIL.PRONAPLAMED. Depto de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 37 MORON FJ, MOREJON Z, GARCIA AI, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, BACALLAO Y, FUENTES V, 2008 Acción analgésica de la decocción 30% de hojas frescas de Citrus aurantium L. (naranja agria) en ratones. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. 38 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009 Irritación ocular, en conejos, del jugo fresco del fruto de Citrus aurantium. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 39 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 40 MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, GARCIA MJ, BOUCOURT E, VICTORIA M, FUENTES V, MORON F, BOULOGNE I, ROBINEAU L, 2009 Encuesta TRAMIL preliminar a grupos de vecinos en los municipios 10 de Octubre, Lisa, Marianao, Habana del Este (Cojímar) en la Ciudad de la Habana. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. |
|
 |
Citrus limetta(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys fruit, juice, instillation1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for conjunctivitis is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection, and to avoid contact with conjunctiva-irritating substances. If conjunctivitis is present, there is a risk of increasing irritation due to the application of the fruit juice. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should the conjunctivitis last more than 3 days, seek medical attention. |
The fruit of Citrus limetta is widely used for human consumption and is an industrial source of essential oil. For conjunctivitis: Instill (apply) in the eye 2-3 drops of the fresh fruit juice 3 times a day1. |
1 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 2 SHI L, GOTOU Y, SHINDO K, OGAWA K, SHIDA Y, SASHIDA Y, SHIMOMURA H, ARAKI C, YOSHIDA T, 1992 Synephrine contents and their seasonal variation in peels of Citrus plants. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 46(2):150-155. 3 TOMER E, GOREN R, MONSELISE SP, 1969 Isolation and identification of seselin in Citrus roots. Phytochemistry 8:1315-1316. 4 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants.Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press, p45. 5 NOGATA Y, YOZA KI, KUSUMOTO KI, KOHYAMA N, SEKIYA K, OHTA H, 1996 Screening for inhibitory activity of Citrus fruit extracts against platelet cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. J Agr Food Chem 44(3):725-729. 6 RUIZ U, AURA V, 1981 Efectos de algunas substancias y preparaciones vegetales sobre bacterias causales de conjuntivitis (Tesis de graduación). Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. 7 CACERES A, GIRON LM, ALVARADO SR, TORRES MF, 1987 Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 20(3):223-237. 8 ROSS SA, EL-KELTAWI NE, MEGALLA SE, 1980 Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian aromatic plants. Fitoterapia 51:201-205. |
|
 |
Citrus sinensis(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys fruit, juice, instillation1-2 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to available information: Use for conjunctivitis, diarrhea, flu, cough, headache, sprains, strain and fever is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)4 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. In any application to the eye, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection, and contact with any substance that may be irritating for the conjunctiva should be avoided. There exists the risk or increasing irritation with the application of Citrus spp juice. For diarrhea, the use of this resource can be considered complementary to oral re-hydration therapy. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should diarrhea last more than 3 days in adult or 2 days in children, seek medical attention. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should conjunctivitis or headache last more than 3 days, or should fever persist for more than 2 days, seek medical attention. The essential oil of the plant can cause reactions of hypersensitivity. |
The fruit and the juice of Citrus sinensis are widely used for human consumption and are an industrial source of essential oil. For headache, flu and fever: Prepare decoction or infusion with 5-20 grams of leaf in 1 liter (4 cups) of water. For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. For infusion, add boiling water to the 5-20 grams of leaf, cover pot and cool down. Drink 2-3 cups a day36. For conjunctivitis: Instill (apply) in the eye 2-3 drops of fresh juice of fruit, 3 times a day. For diarrhea, flu, cough, sprain, twist and fever: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 WENIGER B, 1987-88 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 4 STEWART I, 1985 Identification of caffeine in Citrus flowers and leaves. J Agric Food Chem 33(6):1163-1165. 5 NICO KJ, CHANDLER BV, 1978 Roots as a probable site for Citrus limonoid biosynthesis. Proc Int Soc Citric. p40-42. 6 ABDEL-ALIM MA, ABDEL-HAFEZ OM, EL-KHRISY AM, 1990 The constituents of Citrus sinensis leaves. Fitoterapia 61(5):470-471. 7 SHAFT N, IKRAM M, 1982 Quantitative survey of rutin-containing plants. Part 1. Int J Crude Drug Res 20(4):183-186. 8 EKUNDAYO O, BAKARE O, ADESOMOIU A, STAHL-BISKUP E, 1990 Nigerian sweet orange leaf oil composition. J Essent Oil Res 2(5):199-201. 9 GUANGHAN L, YU W, LEIMING Y, SHUANGLONG H, 1994 Determination of ascorbic acid in fruits and vegetables by stripping voltammetry on a glassy carbon electrode. Food Chem 51:237-239. 10 RADFORD T, KAWASHIMA K, FRIEDEL PK, POPE LE, GIANTURCO MA, 1975 Distribution of volatile compounds between the pulp and serum of some fruit juices. J Agric Food Chem 22(6):1066. 11 ROUSEFF RL, SEETHARAMAN K, NAIM M, NAGY S, ZEHAVI U, 1992 Improved HPLC determination of hydroxycinnamic acids in orange juice using solvents containing thf. J Agric Food Chem 40(7):1139-1143. 12 SWATSITANG P, TUCKER G, ROBARDS K, JARDINE D, 2000 Isolation and identification of phenolic compounds in Citrus sinensis. Anal Chim Acta 417(2):231-240. 13 OOGHE WC, OOGHE SJ, DETAVERNIER M, HUYGHEBAERT A, 1995 Characterization of orange juice (Citrus sinensis) by polymethoxylated flavones. J Agric Food Chem 42(10):2191-2195. 14 OOGHE WC, DETAVERNIER CM, 1999 Flavonoids as authenticity markers for Citrus sinensis juice. Fruit Process 9(8):308-313. 15 WIDMER WW, 2000 Determination of naringin and neohesperidin in orange juice by liquid chromatography with UV detection to detect the presence grapefruit juice: collaborative study. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem Int 83(5):1155-1165. 16 GROSS J, CARMON M, LIFSHITZ A, SKLARZ B, 1975 Structural elucidation of some orange juice carotenoids. Phytochemistry 14:249-252. 17 NOGATA Y, YOZA KI, KUSUMOTO KI, KOHYAMA N, SEKIYA K, OHTA H, 1996 Screening for inhibitory activity of Citrus fruit extracts against platelet cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. J Agric Food Chem 44(3):725-729. 18 TROVATO A, FORESTIERI A, GALATI EM, TUMINO G, 1988 Effects of the juice of certain species of Citrus on plasma and urinary uric acid levels in rats on a hyperpurinic diet. Plant Med Phytother 22(2):92-97. 19 KONOWALCHUK J, SPEIRS JI, 1978 Antiviral effect of commercial juices and beverages. Appl Environ Microbiol 35(6):1219-1220. 20 PEREZ C, ANESINI C, 1994 In vitro antibacterial activity of Argentine folk medicinal plants against Salmonella typhi. J Ethnopharmacol 44(1):41-46. 21 TROVATO A, FORESTIERI AM, GALATI EM, TUMINO G, 1984 Influence of the fruit juice of several Citrus species on steroidogenesis in the rat. Plant Med Phytother 18(1):8-14. 22 TROVATO A, MONFORTE MT, BARBERA R, ROSSITTO A, GALATI EM, FORESTIERI AM, 1996 Effects of fruit juices of Citrus sinensis L. and Citrus limon L. on experimental hypercholesterolemia in the rat. Phytomedicine 2(3):221-227. 23 KUROWSKA EM, BORRADAILE NM, SPENCE JD, CARROLL KK, 2000 Hypocholesterolemic effects of dietary Citrus juices in rabbits. Nutr Res 29(1):121-129. 24 HONG ND, KIM JW, KIM BW, SHON JG, 1982 Studies on the efficacy of the combined preparation of crude drugs. VI. Effect of “Saengkankunbi-Tang” on activities of the liver enzyme, protein contents and the excretory on bile juice in the serum of CCl4-intoxicated rabbits. Korean J Pharmacog 13:33-38. 25 GOTO M, INOUE H, SEYAMA Y, YAMASHITA S, INOUE O, YUMIOKA E., 1989 Comparative effect of traditional Chinese medicines (Dai-Saiko To, Hatimi-Ziogan and Byakko-Ka-Ninzin-To) on experimental diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Nippon Yakugaku Zasshi 93(3):179-186. 26 KAWAKAMI M, SUZUKI K, ISHIZUKA T, HIDAKA T, MATSUKI Y, NAKAMURA H, 1998 Effect of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics of itraconazole in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 36(6):306-308. 27 ADESINA SK, 1982 Studies on some plants used as anticonvulsants in Amerindian and African traditional medicine. Fitoterapia 53:147-162. 28 GUPTA M, 1987 Essential oil: a new source of bee repellents. Chem Ind (London) 5:161-163. 29 BEZANGER-BEAUQUESNE L, PINKAS M, TORCK M, 1986 Les plantes dans la thérapeutique moderne. 2 éd. Paris, France: Ed. Maloine. 30 HARTMAN JG, LIMBIRD ILE, Eds., 1996 Goodman & Gilman, Las bases farmacológicas de la Terapéutica, 9ª edición. México, México: McGraw-Hill Editores. p1670-1671. 31 MIYAGI Y, OM AS, CHEE KM, BENNINK MR, 2000 Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced colon cancer by orange juice. Nutr Cancer 36(2):224-229. 32 BALA S, GROVER IS, 1989 Antimutagenicity of some Citrus fruits in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res 222(3):141-148. 33 PORTAL JA, RAMOS A, VIZOSO A, BETANCOURT J, 1995 Estudio genotóxico in vitro de una tintura al 50 % de Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. Medi Ciego 1(1):3-6. 34 PORTAL JA, 1995 Evaluación genotóxica in vitro e in vivo de una tintura al 50% de Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad Médica de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba. 35 PELLECUER J, 1995 Aromaterapia y toxicidad de los aceites esenciales. Natura Medicatrix 37(8):36-40. 36 CANIGUERAL S, VILA R, RISCO E, PEREZ F, PORTILLO A, FREIXA B, MILO B, VANACLOCHA B, RIOS JL, MORALES MA, ALONSO JR, BACHILLER LI, PERIS JB, STUBING G, 2002 Citrus sinensis. Vademecum de Fitoterapia, Editorial Masson, Barcelona, España, Jul.20,2002. URL: http://www.masson.es/book/fitoterapia.html 37 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2008 Toxicidad oral aguda, dosis repetida, en ratón, de hojas frescas de Citrus sinensis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 38 PAZOS L, COTO T, REYES L, 2007 Tránsito Intestinal en ratones, del jugo fresco del fruto de Citrus sinensis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 39 PAZOS L, COTO T, REYES L, 2007 Irritación ocular, en conejos, del jugo fresco del fruto de Citrus sinensis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
|
|
 |
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, juice, instillation1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Topical use for conjunctivitis is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)4 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. In the event of conjunctivitis, there is a risk of increasing irritation further as a result of applying the leaf juice. In any application to the eye, strict hygienic measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Contact with any substances that may be irritating to the conjunctiva should be avoided. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should conjunctivitis last more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Oral use for fever, flu and cough is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)4 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should fever last more than 2 days, or cough persist for more than 5 days, seek medical attention. Due to risk of abortion, not for oral use during pregnancy nor during lactation or by children under 10 years old. |
The flower of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is widely used for human consumption or as a spice. For conjunctivitis: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. For fever, flu and cough: Prepare a decoction or infusion with 1–2 flowers in 250 mL (1 cup) of water. For decoction, boil for at least 3-4 minutes2-3 in a covered pot; for infusion, add boiling water to the flowers, cover and leave to cool down. Filter and drink 1 cup 3 times a day. |
1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 3 EDOUARD JA, 1992 Enquête TRAMIL. Lycée agricole, Baie-Mahault, Guadeloupe. 4 WHO, 1991 Guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines. WHO/TRM/91.4. Programme on Traditional Medicines, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 5 MEDITSCH J, BARROS E, 1978 Hibiscus dyes as acid-base indicators. An Assoc Bras Quim 29(1):89. 6 SHRIVASTAVA D, 1974 Phytochemical analysis of japakusum. J Res Indian Med Yoga Homeopathy 9(4):103-104. 7 LIN Y, 1975 The study of red pigments in Taiwan plants. Proc Natl Sci Counc Part I (Taiwan) 1975(8):133-137. 8 PATTANAIK S, 1949 A comparative study of the catalase activity of the petals and leaves ofHibiscus rosa-sinensis. Curr Sci 18:212-213. 9 GRIFFITHS L, 1959 On the distribution of gentisic acid in green plant. J Exp Biol 10:437. 10 AGARWAL S, SHINDE S, 1967 Studies onHibiscus rosa-sinensis II. Preliminary pharmacological investigations. Indian J Med Res 55:1007-1010. 11 SRIVASTAVA D, BHATT S, UDUPA K, 1976 Gas chromatographic identification of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and hydrocarbons ofHibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves. J Amer Oil Chem Soc 53:607. 12 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p84. 13 HERRERA J, 1994 Determinación de actividades biológicas de vegetales utilizados en medicina tradicional. Informe TRAMIL. Dep. de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 14 VAN DEN BERGHE D, IEVEN M, MERTENS F, VLIETINCK A, LAMMENS E, 1978 Screening of higher plants for biological activities II: Antiviral activity. J Nat Prod 41:463-467. 15 BHAKUNI O, DHAR M, DHAWAN B, MEHROTRA B, 1969 Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part II. Indian J Exp Biol 7:250-262. 16 SINGH N, NATH R, AGARWAL A, KOHLI R, 1978 A pharmacological investigation of some indigenous drugs of plant origin for evaluation of their antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. J Res Indian Med Yoga Homeopathy 13:58-62. 17 KHOLKUTE S, CHATTERJEE S, UDUPA K, 1976 Effect ofHibiscus rosa-sinensis on estrous cycle and reproductive organs in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 14:703-704. 18 PRAKASH A, 1979 Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in the uterus of rat treated withHibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. extracts. Curr Sci 48:501-503. 19 SINGH M, SINGH R, UDUPA K, 1982 Antifertility activity of a benzene extract ofHibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers on female albino rats. Planta Med 44:171-174. 20 PRAKASH A, 1984 Biological evaluation of some medicinal plant extracts for contraceptive efficacy. Contracept Deliv Syst5(3):9-10. 21 KHOLKUTE S, UDUPA K, 1974 Antifertility properties ofHibiscus rosa-sinensis. J Res Indian Med Yoga Homeopathy 9(4):99-102. 22 TIWARI P, 1974 Preliminary clinical trial on flowers ofHibiscus rosa-sinensis as an oral contraceptive agent. J Res Indian Med Yoga Homeopathy 9(4):96-98. 23 TRIVEDI V, SHUKLA K, 1980 A study of effects of an indigenous compound drug on reproductive physiology. J Sci Res Pl Med 1(3/4):41-47. 24 LOPEZ M, MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FERRADA C, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de hoja fresca de Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Cerro, C. Habana, Cuba. 25 LUCIANO-MONTALVO C, GAVILLAN-SUAREZ J, 2009 Actividades antimicrobianas de partes de plantas con usos significativos en encuestas etnofarmacológicas TRAMIL.Informe TRAMIL,Instituto de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias, Cayey, Universidad de Puerto Rico. |
|
 |
Plantago major(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, infusion, eye baths2,43 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
Use against "bad blood" is a traditional cultural use and is not classified in the TRAMIL program. According to published and other information: Use for "malozie" (eye injuries) including conjunctivitis is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. For application in the eyes, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection, and contact with conjunctiva-irritating substances should be avoided. In the event of conjunctivitis, there is the risk of increasing irritation by applying the leaf juice. To avoid eye irritation, the aqueous preparation should be filtered before application. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should eye injuries or conjunctivitis persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Use for inflammation and "nervous breakdown" is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should "nervous breakdown" persist for more than 7 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. |
For conjunctivitis: Prepare a decoction or infusion with 20 grams (2-3 spoonfuls) of fresh leaf in 1/2 liter (2 cups) of water. For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. For infusion, add boiling water to 20 grams (2-3 spoonfuls) of fresh leaf, cover pot and leave to settle during 5-10 minutes. Filter, allow to cool and wash eye with the content of a dropper (3 mL) every 2 hours42. All home-made preparations with medicinal herbs for eye use must be preserved cold and should be disposed of 24 hours after preparation. For inflammation and nervous breakdown: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 3 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 4 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 5 EDOUARD JA, 1992 Enquête TRAMIL. Lycée agricole, Baie-Mahault, Guadeloupe. 6 LEBEDEV-KOSOV VI, 1980 Flavonoids and iridoids of Plantago major L. and Plantago asiatica L. Rast Resur 16:403-406. 7 MAKSYUTINA NP, 1971 Baicalein and scutellarein derivatives in Plantago major leaves. Khim Prir Soedin 7(3):374-375. 8 HARBORNE JB, WILLIAMS CA, 1971 Comparative biochemistry of flavonoids. XIII. 6-hydroxyluteolin and scutellarein as phyletic markers in higher plants. Phytochemistry 10:367-378. 9 ANDRZEJEWSKA-GOLEC E, SWIATEK L, 1984 Chemotaxonomic investigations on the genus plantago. I. Analysis of iridoid fraction. Herba Pol 30(1):9-16. 10 PAILER M, HASCHKE-HOFMEISTER E, 1969 Components of Plantago major. Planta Med 17(2):139-145. 11 MAKSYUTINA NP, 1971 Hydroxycinnamic acids from Plantago major and Plantago lanceolata. Khim Prir Soedin 7(6):824-825. 12 NORO Y, HISATA Y, OKUDA K, KAWAMURA T, KASAHARA Y, TANAKA T, SAKAI E, NISIBE S, SASAHARA M, 1991 Pharmacognostical studies of plantagins herba (VII) on the phenylethanoid contents ofPlantago spp. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 45(1):24-28. 13 JANSSON O, 1974 Hylloquinone (vitamin k-1) levels in leaves of plant species differing in susceptibility to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Physiol Plant 31:323. 14 OBOLENTSEVA GV, KHADZHAI YI, 1966 Pharmacological testing of plantaglucide. Farmakol Toksikol 29(4):469-472. 15 BALBAA SI, KARAWYA MS, AFIFI MS, 1971 Pharmacognostical study of the seeds of certain plantago species growing in Egypt. U A R J Pharm Sci 12(1):35-52. 16 KUBOTA S, 1955 Chinese materia medica from which medicines have been introduced into Japan. Trans 9th Congr Far East Ass Trop Med 2:639. 17 ATAL CK, KAPOOR KK, SIDDIQUI HH, 1964 Studies on Indian seed oils. Part 1. Preliminary screening of linoleic acid rich oils. Indian J Pharmacy 26:163-164. 18 SAMUELSEN AB, COHEN EH, PAULSEN BS, BRULL LP, THOMAS-OATES JE, 1999 Structural studies of a heteroxylan from Plantago major L. seeds by partial hydrolysis, HPAEC-PAD, methylation and GC-MS, ESMS and ESMS/MS. Carbohydr Res 315(3/4):312-318. 19 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p131. 20 SIDDIQUI M, HAKIM M, 1991 Crude drugs and their nutrient values. J of the National Integrated Med Assoc33(1):8-10. 21 CAMBAR P, 1989 Efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto acuoso de la hoja de llantén(Plantago major). Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. TRAMIL IV, Tela, Honduras, UNAH/enda-caribe. 22 CARBALLO A, 1995 Plantas medicinales del Escambray cubano. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 23 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, QUIROS S, 2004 Actividad sedante-tranquilizante en ratón, dosis repetidas del extracto acuoso de hoja de Plantago major. Informe TRAMIL.Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 24 Lapa AJ, Souccar C, Lima-Landman MT, De Lima TC,2002 Métodos de evaluación de la actividad farmacológica de plantas medicinales. RIVAPLAMED. Red de validación de plantas medicinales. CYTED/CNPq. Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo. Sao Paulo, Brasil. 25 CACERES A, GIRON LM, ALVARADO SR, TORRES MF, 1987 Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 20(3):223-237. 26 CAMBAR P, ALVARADO-GALVEZ C, ALGER J, RIVERA-VEGA O, 1984 Efectos broncopulmonares de algunas plantas medicinales de Honduras(conferencia). Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. II semana científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 27 CAMBAR P, ALGER J, SANTOS A, 1983 Efectos farmacológicos de los extractos acuosos de las hojas de Llantén(Plantago major) (conferencia). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: XXVII Congreso médico de Honduras & I semana científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Revista Médica Hondureña. 28 LAMBEV I, MARKOV M, PAVLOVA N, 1981 Study of the antiinflammatory and capillary restorative activity of a dispersed substance fromPlantago major L. Probl Nutr Med 9(3):162-169. 29 CAMBAR P, ALVARADO-GALVEZ C, ALGER J, RIVERA-VEGA O, 1984 Efectos broncopulmonares de algunas plantas medicinales de Honduras.(conferencia). Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. II semana científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 30 CAMBAR P, SANTOS A, COUSIN L, 1985 Efecto del extracto acuoso de Plantago major (Llantén) en el choque anafiláctico inducido por albúmina de huevo en el conejo. Memoria de la III Semana Científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 31 MIRONOV VA, VASIL'EV GS, MATROSOV VS, FILIPOVA TM, ZAMUREENKO VA,MISHCHENKO VV, MAIRANOVSKII VG, FEL'DSHTEIN MA,1983 Physiologically active alcohols from great plantain (Plantago major). Pharm Chem 17(11):794-798. 32 ANON, 1973 Traditional-western combined treatment of 217 cases of tetanus. Chung-hua I hsueh Tsa Chih Beijing53:682-684. 33 QUEIROZ I, REIS S, 1989 Antispasmodic and analgesic effects of some medicinal plants (conference). Rio, Brasil: Simpósio Brasil-China de Química e Farmacologia de Produtos Naturais, Abstr. Nº 180. 34 ROSA PINTO V, BARAHONA C, 1986 Estudio hipocrático de extractos acuosos de algunas plantas medicinales de uso tradicional en Honduras, sus efectos en ratas (Tesis de grado). Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 35 DUCKETT S, 1980 Plantain leaf for poison ivy. N Engl J Med 303(10):583. 36 WAGNER H, 1987 Immunostimulants from higher plants. In HOSTETTMANN K, LEA PJ, (Eds.). Biologically active natural products.Oxford, UK: Oxford Science Publications, p127-141. 37 BETANCOURT J, MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Actividad genotóxica in vitro de partes aéreas de Plantago major L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias. Médicas “Dr. Salvador. Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 38 BETANCOURT J, MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BARCELO H, LAINEZ A, MONTES ME, REGO R, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Toxicidad aguda clásica de partes aéreas de Plantago major L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias. Médicas “Dr. Salvador. Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 39 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, Pazos L, 1996 Toxicidad por vía oral en ratón, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Plantago major. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 40 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, Pazos L, 1996 Irritabilidad ocular en conejos, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Plantago major. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 41 ARROYO J, RODRIGUEZ N, RODRIGUEZ M, 1963 Cytostatic agents of plant and synthetic origin. Anales Real Acad Farm 29(4):157-169. 42 ALBORNOZ A, 1993 Medicina tradicional herbaria. Caracas, Venezuela: Instituto Farmacoterápico Latino S.A. p273. 43 DELAIGUE J, 2005 TRAMIL survey. UAG & PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago. 44 GUERRA MJ, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, 2002 Irritabilidad oftálmica de la decocción 30% de hojas secas de Plantago major L.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina Dr. Salvador Allende. Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. 45 LOGARTO PARRA A, SILVA YHEBRA R, GUERRA SARDINAS I, IGLESIAS BUELA L, 2001 Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine 8(5):395-400. 46 LUCIANO-MONTALVO C, GAVILLAN-SUAREZ J, 2009 Actividades antimicrobianas de partes de plantas con usos significativos en encuestas etnofarmacológicas TRAMIL.Informe TRAMIL,Instituto de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias, Cayey, Universidad de Puerto Rico. |
|
|
|
Plantago major(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, maceration, instillation43 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
Use against "bad blood" is a traditional cultural use and is not classified in the TRAMIL program. According to published and other information: Use for "malozie" (eye injuries) including conjunctivitis is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. For application in the eyes, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection, and contact with conjunctiva-irritating substances should be avoided. In the event of conjunctivitis, there is the risk of increasing irritation by applying the leaf juice. To avoid eye irritation, the aqueous preparation should be filtered before application. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should eye injuries or conjunctivitis persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Use for inflammation and "nervous breakdown" is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should "nervous breakdown" persist for more than 7 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. |
For conjunctivitis: Prepare a decoction or infusion with 20 grams (2-3 spoonfuls) of fresh leaf in 1/2 liter (2 cups) of water. For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. For infusion, add boiling water to 20 grams (2-3 spoonfuls) of fresh leaf, cover pot and leave to settle during 5-10 minutes. Filter, allow to cool and wash eye with the content of a dropper (3 mL) every 2 hours42. All home-made preparations with medicinal herbs for eye use must be preserved cold and should be disposed of 24 hours after preparation. For inflammation and nervous breakdown: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 3 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 4 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 5 EDOUARD JA, 1992 Enquête TRAMIL. Lycée agricole, Baie-Mahault, Guadeloupe. 6 LEBEDEV-KOSOV VI, 1980 Flavonoids and iridoids of Plantago major L. and Plantago asiatica L. Rast Resur 16:403-406. 7 MAKSYUTINA NP, 1971 Baicalein and scutellarein derivatives in Plantago major leaves. Khim Prir Soedin 7(3):374-375. 8 HARBORNE JB, WILLIAMS CA, 1971 Comparative biochemistry of flavonoids. XIII. 6-hydroxyluteolin and scutellarein as phyletic markers in higher plants. Phytochemistry 10:367-378. 9 ANDRZEJEWSKA-GOLEC E, SWIATEK L, 1984 Chemotaxonomic investigations on the genus plantago. I. Analysis of iridoid fraction. Herba Pol 30(1):9-16. 10 PAILER M, HASCHKE-HOFMEISTER E, 1969 Components of Plantago major. Planta Med 17(2):139-145. 11 MAKSYUTINA NP, 1971 Hydroxycinnamic acids from Plantago major and Plantago lanceolata. Khim Prir Soedin 7(6):824-825. 12 NORO Y, HISATA Y, OKUDA K, KAWAMURA T, KASAHARA Y, TANAKA T, SAKAI E, NISIBE S, SASAHARA M, 1991 Pharmacognostical studies of plantagins herba (VII) on the phenylethanoid contents ofPlantago spp. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 45(1):24-28. 13 JANSSON O, 1974 Hylloquinone (vitamin k-1) levels in leaves of plant species differing in susceptibility to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Physiol Plant 31:323. 14 OBOLENTSEVA GV, KHADZHAI YI, 1966 Pharmacological testing of plantaglucide. Farmakol Toksikol 29(4):469-472. 15 BALBAA SI, KARAWYA MS, AFIFI MS, 1971 Pharmacognostical study of the seeds of certain plantago species growing in Egypt. U A R J Pharm Sci 12(1):35-52. 16 KUBOTA S, 1955 Chinese materia medica from which medicines have been introduced into Japan. Trans 9th Congr Far East Ass Trop Med 2:639. 17 ATAL CK, KAPOOR KK, SIDDIQUI HH, 1964 Studies on Indian seed oils. Part 1. Preliminary screening of linoleic acid rich oils. Indian J Pharmacy 26:163-164. 18 SAMUELSEN AB, COHEN EH, PAULSEN BS, BRULL LP, THOMAS-OATES JE, 1999 Structural studies of a heteroxylan from Plantago major L. seeds by partial hydrolysis, HPAEC-PAD, methylation and GC-MS, ESMS and ESMS/MS. Carbohydr Res 315(3/4):312-318. 19 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p131. 20 SIDDIQUI M, HAKIM M, 1991 Crude drugs and their nutrient values. J of the National Integrated Med Assoc33(1):8-10. 21 CAMBAR P, 1989 Efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto acuoso de la hoja de llantén(Plantago major). Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. TRAMIL IV, Tela, Honduras, UNAH/enda-caribe. 22 CARBALLO A, 1995 Plantas medicinales del Escambray cubano. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 23 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, QUIROS S, 2004 Actividad sedante-tranquilizante en ratón, dosis repetidas del extracto acuoso de hoja de Plantago major. Informe TRAMIL.Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 24 Lapa AJ, Souccar C, Lima-Landman MT, De Lima TC,2002 Métodos de evaluación de la actividad farmacológica de plantas medicinales. RIVAPLAMED. Red de validación de plantas medicinales. CYTED/CNPq. Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo. Sao Paulo, Brasil. 25 CACERES A, GIRON LM, ALVARADO SR, TORRES MF, 1987 Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 20(3):223-237. 26 CAMBAR P, ALVARADO-GALVEZ C, ALGER J, RIVERA-VEGA O, 1984 Efectos broncopulmonares de algunas plantas medicinales de Honduras(conferencia). Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. II semana científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 27 CAMBAR P, ALGER J, SANTOS A, 1983 Efectos farmacológicos de los extractos acuosos de las hojas de Llantén(Plantago major) (conferencia). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: XXVII Congreso médico de Honduras & I semana científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Revista Médica Hondureña. 28 LAMBEV I, MARKOV M, PAVLOVA N, 1981 Study of the antiinflammatory and capillary restorative activity of a dispersed substance fromPlantago major L. Probl Nutr Med 9(3):162-169. 29 CAMBAR P, ALVARADO-GALVEZ C, ALGER J, RIVERA-VEGA O, 1984 Efectos broncopulmonares de algunas plantas medicinales de Honduras.(conferencia). Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. II semana científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 30 CAMBAR P, SANTOS A, COUSIN L, 1985 Efecto del extracto acuoso de Plantago major (Llantén) en el choque anafiláctico inducido por albúmina de huevo en el conejo. Memoria de la III Semana Científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 31 MIRONOV VA, VASIL'EV GS, MATROSOV VS, FILIPOVA TM, ZAMUREENKO VA,MISHCHENKO VV, MAIRANOVSKII VG, FEL'DSHTEIN MA,1983 Physiologically active alcohols from great plantain (Plantago major). Pharm Chem 17(11):794-798. 32 ANON, 1973 Traditional-western combined treatment of 217 cases of tetanus. Chung-hua I hsueh Tsa Chih Beijing53:682-684. 33 QUEIROZ I, REIS S, 1989 Antispasmodic and analgesic effects of some medicinal plants (conference). Rio, Brasil: Simpósio Brasil-China de Química e Farmacologia de Produtos Naturais, Abstr. Nº 180. 34 ROSA PINTO V, BARAHONA C, 1986 Estudio hipocrático de extractos acuosos de algunas plantas medicinales de uso tradicional en Honduras, sus efectos en ratas (Tesis de grado). Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 35 DUCKETT S, 1980 Plantain leaf for poison ivy. N Engl J Med 303(10):583. 36 WAGNER H, 1987 Immunostimulants from higher plants. In HOSTETTMANN K, LEA PJ, (Eds.). Biologically active natural products.Oxford, UK: Oxford Science Publications, p127-141. 37 BETANCOURT J, MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Actividad genotóxica in vitro de partes aéreas de Plantago major L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias. Médicas “Dr. Salvador. Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 38 BETANCOURT J, MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BARCELO H, LAINEZ A, MONTES ME, REGO R, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Toxicidad aguda clásica de partes aéreas de Plantago major L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias. Médicas “Dr. Salvador. Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 39 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, Pazos L, 1996 Toxicidad por vía oral en ratón, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Plantago major. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 40 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, Pazos L, 1996 Irritabilidad ocular en conejos, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Plantago major. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 41 ARROYO J, RODRIGUEZ N, RODRIGUEZ M, 1963 Cytostatic agents of plant and synthetic origin. Anales Real Acad Farm 29(4):157-169. 42 ALBORNOZ A, 1993 Medicina tradicional herbaria. Caracas, Venezuela: Instituto Farmacoterápico Latino S.A. p273. 43 DELAIGUE J, 2005 TRAMIL survey. UAG & PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago. 44 GUERRA MJ, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, 2002 Irritabilidad oftálmica de la decocción 30% de hojas secas de Plantago major L.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina Dr. Salvador Allende. Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. 45 LOGARTO PARRA A, SILVA YHEBRA R, GUERRA SARDINAS I, IGLESIAS BUELA L, 2001 Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine 8(5):395-400. 46 LUCIANO-MONTALVO C, GAVILLAN-SUAREZ J, 2009 Actividades antimicrobianas de partes de plantas con usos significativos en encuestas etnofarmacológicas TRAMIL.Informe TRAMIL,Instituto de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias, Cayey, Universidad de Puerto Rico. |
|
|
|
Plantago major(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, decoction, instillation3-4 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
Use against "bad blood" is a traditional cultural use and is not classified in the TRAMIL program. According to published and other information: Use for "malozie" (eye injuries) including conjunctivitis is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. For application in the eyes, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection, and contact with conjunctiva-irritating substances should be avoided. In the event of conjunctivitis, there is the risk of increasing irritation by applying the leaf juice. To avoid eye irritation, the aqueous preparation should be filtered before application. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should eye injuries or conjunctivitis persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Use for inflammation and "nervous breakdown" is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should "nervous breakdown" persist for more than 7 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. |
For conjunctivitis: Prepare a decoction or infusion with 20 grams (2-3 spoonfuls) of fresh leaf in 1/2 liter (2 cups) of water. For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. For infusion, add boiling water to 20 grams (2-3 spoonfuls) of fresh leaf, cover pot and leave to settle during 5-10 minutes. Filter, allow to cool and wash eye with the content of a dropper (3 mL) every 2 hours42. All home-made preparations with medicinal herbs for eye use must be preserved cold and should be disposed of 24 hours after preparation. For inflammation and nervous breakdown: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 3 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 4 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 5 EDOUARD JA, 1992 Enquête TRAMIL. Lycée agricole, Baie-Mahault, Guadeloupe. 6 LEBEDEV-KOSOV VI, 1980 Flavonoids and iridoids of Plantago major L. and Plantago asiatica L. Rast Resur 16:403-406. 7 MAKSYUTINA NP, 1971 Baicalein and scutellarein derivatives in Plantago major leaves. Khim Prir Soedin 7(3):374-375. 8 HARBORNE JB, WILLIAMS CA, 1971 Comparative biochemistry of flavonoids. XIII. 6-hydroxyluteolin and scutellarein as phyletic markers in higher plants. Phytochemistry 10:367-378. 9 ANDRZEJEWSKA-GOLEC E, SWIATEK L, 1984 Chemotaxonomic investigations on the genus plantago. I. Analysis of iridoid fraction. Herba Pol 30(1):9-16. 10 PAILER M, HASCHKE-HOFMEISTER E, 1969 Components of Plantago major. Planta Med 17(2):139-145. 11 MAKSYUTINA NP, 1971 Hydroxycinnamic acids from Plantago major and Plantago lanceolata. Khim Prir Soedin 7(6):824-825. 12 NORO Y, HISATA Y, OKUDA K, KAWAMURA T, KASAHARA Y, TANAKA T, SAKAI E, NISIBE S, SASAHARA M, 1991 Pharmacognostical studies of plantagins herba (VII) on the phenylethanoid contents ofPlantago spp. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 45(1):24-28. 13 JANSSON O, 1974 Hylloquinone (vitamin k-1) levels in leaves of plant species differing in susceptibility to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Physiol Plant 31:323. 14 OBOLENTSEVA GV, KHADZHAI YI, 1966 Pharmacological testing of plantaglucide. Farmakol Toksikol 29(4):469-472. 15 BALBAA SI, KARAWYA MS, AFIFI MS, 1971 Pharmacognostical study of the seeds of certain plantago species growing in Egypt. U A R J Pharm Sci 12(1):35-52. 16 KUBOTA S, 1955 Chinese materia medica from which medicines have been introduced into Japan. Trans 9th Congr Far East Ass Trop Med 2:639. 17 ATAL CK, KAPOOR KK, SIDDIQUI HH, 1964 Studies on Indian seed oils. Part 1. Preliminary screening of linoleic acid rich oils. Indian J Pharmacy 26:163-164. 18 SAMUELSEN AB, COHEN EH, PAULSEN BS, BRULL LP, THOMAS-OATES JE, 1999 Structural studies of a heteroxylan from Plantago major L. seeds by partial hydrolysis, HPAEC-PAD, methylation and GC-MS, ESMS and ESMS/MS. Carbohydr Res 315(3/4):312-318. 19 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p131. 20 SIDDIQUI M, HAKIM M, 1991 Crude drugs and their nutrient values. J of the National Integrated Med Assoc33(1):8-10. 21 CAMBAR P, 1989 Efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto acuoso de la hoja de llantén(Plantago major). Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. TRAMIL IV, Tela, Honduras, UNAH/enda-caribe. 22 CARBALLO A, 1995 Plantas medicinales del Escambray cubano. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 23 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, QUIROS S, 2004 Actividad sedante-tranquilizante en ratón, dosis repetidas del extracto acuoso de hoja de Plantago major. Informe TRAMIL.Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 24 Lapa AJ, Souccar C, Lima-Landman MT, De Lima TC,2002 Métodos de evaluación de la actividad farmacológica de plantas medicinales. RIVAPLAMED. Red de validación de plantas medicinales. CYTED/CNPq. Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo. Sao Paulo, Brasil. 25 CACERES A, GIRON LM, ALVARADO SR, TORRES MF, 1987 Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 20(3):223-237. 26 CAMBAR P, ALVARADO-GALVEZ C, ALGER J, RIVERA-VEGA O, 1984 Efectos broncopulmonares de algunas plantas medicinales de Honduras(conferencia). Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. II semana científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 27 CAMBAR P, ALGER J, SANTOS A, 1983 Efectos farmacológicos de los extractos acuosos de las hojas de Llantén(Plantago major) (conferencia). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: XXVII Congreso médico de Honduras & I semana científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Revista Médica Hondureña. 28 LAMBEV I, MARKOV M, PAVLOVA N, 1981 Study of the antiinflammatory and capillary restorative activity of a dispersed substance fromPlantago major L. Probl Nutr Med 9(3):162-169. 29 CAMBAR P, ALVARADO-GALVEZ C, ALGER J, RIVERA-VEGA O, 1984 Efectos broncopulmonares de algunas plantas medicinales de Honduras.(conferencia). Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. II semana científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 30 CAMBAR P, SANTOS A, COUSIN L, 1985 Efecto del extracto acuoso de Plantago major (Llantén) en el choque anafiláctico inducido por albúmina de huevo en el conejo. Memoria de la III Semana Científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 31 MIRONOV VA, VASIL'EV GS, MATROSOV VS, FILIPOVA TM, ZAMUREENKO VA,MISHCHENKO VV, MAIRANOVSKII VG, FEL'DSHTEIN MA,1983 Physiologically active alcohols from great plantain (Plantago major). Pharm Chem 17(11):794-798. 32 ANON, 1973 Traditional-western combined treatment of 217 cases of tetanus. Chung-hua I hsueh Tsa Chih Beijing53:682-684. 33 QUEIROZ I, REIS S, 1989 Antispasmodic and analgesic effects of some medicinal plants (conference). Rio, Brasil: Simpósio Brasil-China de Química e Farmacologia de Produtos Naturais, Abstr. Nº 180. 34 ROSA PINTO V, BARAHONA C, 1986 Estudio hipocrático de extractos acuosos de algunas plantas medicinales de uso tradicional en Honduras, sus efectos en ratas (Tesis de grado). Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 35 DUCKETT S, 1980 Plantain leaf for poison ivy. N Engl J Med 303(10):583. 36 WAGNER H, 1987 Immunostimulants from higher plants. In HOSTETTMANN K, LEA PJ, (Eds.). Biologically active natural products.Oxford, UK: Oxford Science Publications, p127-141. 37 BETANCOURT J, MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Actividad genotóxica in vitro de partes aéreas de Plantago major L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias. Médicas “Dr. Salvador. Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 38 BETANCOURT J, MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BARCELO H, LAINEZ A, MONTES ME, REGO R, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Toxicidad aguda clásica de partes aéreas de Plantago major L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias. Médicas “Dr. Salvador. Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 39 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, Pazos L, 1996 Toxicidad por vía oral en ratón, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Plantago major. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 40 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, Pazos L, 1996 Irritabilidad ocular en conejos, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Plantago major. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 41 ARROYO J, RODRIGUEZ N, RODRIGUEZ M, 1963 Cytostatic agents of plant and synthetic origin. Anales Real Acad Farm 29(4):157-169. 42 ALBORNOZ A, 1993 Medicina tradicional herbaria. Caracas, Venezuela: Instituto Farmacoterápico Latino S.A. p273. 43 DELAIGUE J, 2005 TRAMIL survey. UAG & PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago. 44 GUERRA MJ, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, 2002 Irritabilidad oftálmica de la decocción 30% de hojas secas de Plantago major L.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina Dr. Salvador Allende. Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. 45 LOGARTO PARRA A, SILVA YHEBRA R, GUERRA SARDINAS I, IGLESIAS BUELA L, 2001 Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine 8(5):395-400. 46 LUCIANO-MONTALVO C, GAVILLAN-SUAREZ J, 2009 Actividades antimicrobianas de partes de plantas con usos significativos en encuestas etnofarmacológicas TRAMIL.Informe TRAMIL,Instituto de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias, Cayey, Universidad de Puerto Rico. |
|
 |
Sida rhombifolia(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys macerated leaf on the head3 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for twistings is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)3 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Use for urethritis is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Due to the health risks involved with urethritis, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should urethritis or twisting persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy or lactation. |
For twisting and urethritis: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 2 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 3 HENDERSON C, KRISHNARAYAN V, CASTILLO J, 1996 TRAMIL survey. Belize Enterprise for Sustainable Technology BEST, Belmopan, Belize. 4 PRAKASH A, VARMA RK, GHOSAL S, 1981 Chemical constituents of the Malvaceae. Part III. Alkaloidal constituents of Sida acuta, S. humilis, S. rhombifolia and S. spinosa. Planta Med 43(12):384-388. 5 GUNATILAKA AA, SOTHEESWARAN S, BALASUBRAMANIAM S, CHANDRASEKARA AI, BADRA SRIYANI HT, 1980 Studies on medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. III. Pharmacologically important alkaloids of some Sida species. Planta Med 39(1):66-72. 6 GOYAL MM, RANI KK, 1989 Neutral constituents of the aerial parts ofSida rhombifolia var. rhomboidea. Fitoterapia 60(2):163-164. 7 FRIESE FW, 1934 Plantas medicinais brasileiras. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Inst Agro do Estado. p252-494. 8 ALTSCHUL SR, 1973 Drugs and food from little-known plants: Notes in Harvard University Herbaria. Cambridge, USA: Harvard Univ. Press. 9 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants.Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p149. 10 CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1992 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. TRAMIL VI, Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, UAG/enda-caribe. 11 Figueroa SL, 1992 Inhibición in vitro de Candida albicans por las plantas: Argemone mexicana, Bixa orellana, Lantana camara, Lippia alba, Sedum praealtum, Vicia fava, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum y Sida rhombifolia (Tesis). Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. 12 BORTOLOZZI MAM, BITTENCOURT CF, CARDOSO SG, BORTOLOZZI, AV, 1988 Avaliacâo da atividade antibacteriana deSida rhombifolia L.(Malvaceae). X Simpósio de Plantas Medicinais do Brasil, Panel 7/9. Abstr. No. 26. Sao Paulo, Brasil. 13 GOYAL MM, RANI KK, 1988 Effects of natural products isolated from three species of Sida on some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. J Indian Chem Soc 65(1):74-76. 14 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2010 Antiinflamatorio tópico, en ratones, del extracto acuoso de las partes aéreas frescas de Sida rhombifolia. Informe TRAMIL, Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 17 DUNSTAN CA, NOREEN Y, SERRANO G, COX PA, PERERA P, BOHLIN L, 1997 Evaluation of some Samoan and Peruvian medicinal plants by prostaglandin biosynthesis and rat ear oedema assays. J Ethnopharmacol 57(1):35-56. 18 HERRERA J, 1992 Determinación de parámetros farmacológicos usados en medicina tradicional popular en la Cuenca del Caribe. Informe TRAMIL. Dep. de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 19 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2010 Irritación dérmica en piel sana de conejos, de las partes aéreas frescas de Sida rhombifolia. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 20 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2010 Irritación ocular, en conejos, del macerado de hojas frescas de Sida rhombifolia. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 21 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. |
|
|
|
Sida rhombifolia(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, aqueous maceration, ocular bath21 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for twistings is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)3 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Use for urethritis is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Due to the health risks involved with urethritis, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should urethritis or twisting persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy or lactation. |
For twisting and urethritis: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 2 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 3 HENDERSON C, KRISHNARAYAN V, CASTILLO J, 1996 TRAMIL survey. Belize Enterprise for Sustainable Technology BEST, Belmopan, Belize. 4 PRAKASH A, VARMA RK, GHOSAL S, 1981 Chemical constituents of the Malvaceae. Part III. Alkaloidal constituents of Sida acuta, S. humilis, S. rhombifolia and S. spinosa. Planta Med 43(12):384-388. 5 GUNATILAKA AA, SOTHEESWARAN S, BALASUBRAMANIAM S, CHANDRASEKARA AI, BADRA SRIYANI HT, 1980 Studies on medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. III. Pharmacologically important alkaloids of some Sida species. Planta Med 39(1):66-72. 6 GOYAL MM, RANI KK, 1989 Neutral constituents of the aerial parts ofSida rhombifolia var. rhomboidea. Fitoterapia 60(2):163-164. 7 FRIESE FW, 1934 Plantas medicinais brasileiras. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Inst Agro do Estado. p252-494. 8 ALTSCHUL SR, 1973 Drugs and food from little-known plants: Notes in Harvard University Herbaria. Cambridge, USA: Harvard Univ. Press. 9 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants.Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p149. 10 CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1992 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. TRAMIL VI, Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, UAG/enda-caribe. 11 Figueroa SL, 1992 Inhibición in vitro de Candida albicans por las plantas: Argemone mexicana, Bixa orellana, Lantana camara, Lippia alba, Sedum praealtum, Vicia fava, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum y Sida rhombifolia (Tesis). Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. 12 BORTOLOZZI MAM, BITTENCOURT CF, CARDOSO SG, BORTOLOZZI, AV, 1988 Avaliacâo da atividade antibacteriana deSida rhombifolia L.(Malvaceae). X Simpósio de Plantas Medicinais do Brasil, Panel 7/9. Abstr. No. 26. Sao Paulo, Brasil. 13 GOYAL MM, RANI KK, 1988 Effects of natural products isolated from three species of Sida on some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. J Indian Chem Soc 65(1):74-76. 14 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2010 Antiinflamatorio tópico, en ratones, del extracto acuoso de las partes aéreas frescas de Sida rhombifolia. Informe TRAMIL, Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 17 DUNSTAN CA, NOREEN Y, SERRANO G, COX PA, PERERA P, BOHLIN L, 1997 Evaluation of some Samoan and Peruvian medicinal plants by prostaglandin biosynthesis and rat ear oedema assays. J Ethnopharmacol 57(1):35-56. 18 HERRERA J, 1992 Determinación de parámetros farmacológicos usados en medicina tradicional popular en la Cuenca del Caribe. Informe TRAMIL. Dep. de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 19 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2010 Irritación dérmica en piel sana de conejos, de las partes aéreas frescas de Sida rhombifolia. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 20 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2010 Irritación ocular, en conejos, del macerado de hojas frescas de Sida rhombifolia. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 21 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. |