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Cascabela thevetia(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, decoction, orally1 |
Warnings References |
According to published and other information Use of the leaf is classified as TOXIC (TOX). Given the toxicity of the leaf of this plant, its use by oral administration is discouraged, regardless of how recognized its alleged therapeutic properties may be. In the event of poisoning from ingestion, seek medical attention. |
1 WENIGER B, 1987-88 2 WENIGER B, SAVARY H, DAGUIHL R, 1984 3 SIDDIQUI S, SIDDIQUI BS, ADIL Q, BEGUM S, 1992 4 BEGUM S, ADIL Q, SIDDIQUI BS, SIDDIQUI S, 1993 5 ABE F, YAMAUCHI T, WAN ASC, 1992 6 ABE F, YAMAUCHI T, YAHARA S, NOHARA T, 1994 7 ABE F, YAMAUCHI T, NOHARA T, 1992 8 ABE F, YAMAUCHI T, YAHARA S, NOHARA T, 1995 9 DANIEL M, SABNIS S, 1978 10 GRIFFITHS L, 1959 11 ABE F, IWASE Y, YAMAUCHI T, YAHARA S, NOHARA T, 1995 12 LI CC, 1962 13 THORP RH, WATSON TR, 1953 14 WEE YC, GOPALAKRISHNAKONE P, CHAN A, 1988 15 FERNANDO R, 1988 16 EDDLESTON M, ARIARATNAM CA, SJOSTROM L, JAYALATH S, RAJAKANTHAN K, RAJAPAKSE S, COLBERT D, MEYER WP, PERERA G, Attapattu s, kularatne sa, sheriff mr, warrell da, 2000 17 PHADKE MV, NAIK SG, 1963 18 Abreu Matos FJ, 2000 |
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Cornutia pyramidata(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys root, decoction, orally1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for nervous breakdown is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information. Not for use concurrently with alcoholic beverages or drugs that are depressants of the central nervous system. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should the nervous breakdown last more than 5 days, seek medical attention. Not for use for more than seven consecutive days. |
For nervous breakdown: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 2 PINEDA M, 1990 Fitoquímica de algunas plantas TRAMIL. Laboratorio de enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 JENETT-SIEMS K, KÖHLER I, KRAFT C, SIEMS K, SOLIS PN, GUPTA MP, BIENZLE U, 2003 Cornutins C–L, neo-clerodane-type diterpenoids from Cornutia grandifolia var. intermedia. Phytochemistry 64(3):797–804. 4 HERRERA J, 1990 Determinación de actividades biológicas de vegetales utilizados en medicina tradicional. Informe TRAMIL. Dep. de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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Thymus vulgaris(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, infusion, orally1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for nervous breakdown (stroke) is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should symptoms persist for more than 7 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or in children under 12 years of age. |
Thymus vulgarisis widely used as a spice for human consumption. For nervous breakdown (stroke): Prepare an infusion adding 250 mL (1 cup) of boiling water to 1-2 grams of leaves. Cover pot, leave to settle for 5-10 minutes and filter28. Drink 1 cup 3 times a day. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 2 KLICK S, HERRMANN K, 1988 Glucosides and glucose esters of hydroxybenzoic acids in plants. Phytochemistry 27(7):2177-2180. 3 SCHULTZ J, HERRMANN K, 1980 Occurrence of hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acid in spices. IV. Phenolics of spices. Z Lebensm-Unters Forsch 171:193-199. 4 MIURA K, INAGAKI T, NAKATANI N, 1989 Structure and activity of new deodorant biphenyl compounds from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Chem Pharm Bull 37(7):1816-1819. 5 NAKATANI N, MIURA K, INAGAKI T, 1989 Structure of new deodorant biphenyl compounds from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and their activity against methyl mercaptan. Agr Biol Chem 53(5):1375-1381. 6 VAN DEN BROUCKE CO, DOMMISSE RA, ESMANS EL, LEMLI JA, 1982. Three methylated flavones from Thymus vulgaris. Phytochemistry 21:2581-2583. 7 MIURA K, NAKATANI N, 1989 Antioxidative activity of flavonoids from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Agr Biol Chem53(11):3043-3045. 8 SAMEJIMA K, KANAZAWA K, ASHIDA H, DANNO GI, 1995 Luteolin: A strong antimutagen against dietary carcinogen, TRP-P-2, in peppermint, sage, and thyme. J Agric Food Chem 43(2):410-414. 9 BARBERAN FAT, FERRERES F, TOMAS F, GUIRADO A, 1986 Electron impact mass spectrometric differentiation of 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy- and 5,8-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavones. Phytochemistry 25(4):923-925. 10 KRAUSE M, GALENSA R, 1991 Analysis of enantiomeric flavanones in plant extracts by high performance liquid chromatography on a cellulose triacetate based chiral stationary phase. Chromatographia32(12):69-72. 11OLECHNOWICZ-STEPHEN W, LAMER-ZARAWSKA E, 1975 Investigation of flavonoid fraction of some crude drugs from the family Labiatae (Herba Serpylli, Herba Thymi, Majoranae, Herba Origani). Herba Pol21:347-356. 12 MOSSA JS, AL-YAHYA MA, HASSAN M, 1987 Physicochemical characteristics and spectroscopy of the volatile oil of Thymus vulgaris growing in Saudi Arabia. Int J Crude Drug Res25(1):26-34. 13 POPESCU H, 1975 Aetheroleum thymi produced in Romania. Pharmacia (Bucharest)23:153. 14 KARAWYA M, HIFNAWY M, 1974 Analytical study of the volatile oil of Thymus vulgaris L. growing in Egypt. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem57:997. 15 VAMPA G, ALBASINI A, PROVVISIONATO A, BIANCHI A, MELEGARI M, 1988 Chemical and microbiological studies on the essential oil of Thymus. Plant Med Phytother22(3):195-202. 16 POULOSE A, CROTEAU R, 1978 Biosynthesis of aromatic monoterpenes: conversion of gamma-terpinene to p-cymene and thymol in Thymus vulgaris. Arch Biochem Biophys 187(2):307-314. 17 HASSAN M, AL-YAHYA M, MOSSA J, 1985 PMR determination of the major constituents of the volatile oil ofThymus vulgaris growing in Saudi Arabia (conference). Chapel Hill, USA: Internat Res Cong Nat Prod, Coll Pharm Univ N Carolina, Abstr. nº145. 18 BLAQUE G, 1923 Thymol plants. Bull Sci Pharmacol 30:201-211. 19 ZANI F, MASSIMO G, BENVENUTI S, BIANCHI A, ALBASINI A, Melegari M, Vampa G, Bellotti A, Mazza P, 1991 Studies on the genotoxic properties of essential oils with Bacillus subtilis rec-assay and Salmonella/microsome reversion assay. Planta Med57(3):237-241. 20 OLSZOWSKA O, FURMANOWA M, 1987 Micropropagation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) from nodal segments. Herba Pol 33(2):137-144. 21 FARNLOF A, 1992 Natural drugs. Stockholm, Sweden: The Swedish Health Food Council. 22 ANON, 2002 Monografia Thymi herba 2002 Pharmacopee Européene, 4 ed. Strasbourg, France: Conseil de l'Europe. 23 DUKE JA, 1985 Handbook of medicinal herbs. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. 24 VAN DEN BROUCKE CO, LEMLI JA, 1981 Pharmacological and chemical investigation of thyme liquid extracts. Planta Med 41(2):129-135. 25 VAN DEN BROUCKE CO, LEMLI JA, 1983 Spasmolytic activity of the flavonoids from Thymus vulgaris. Pharm Weekbl (Sci Ed) 25(5):9-14. 26 VAN DEN BROUCKE CO, 1980 Chemical and pharmacological investigation on thymi herba and its liquid extracts. Planta Med 39:253-254. 27 HAN Y, SHIN K, WOO W, 1984 Effect of spices on hepatic microsomal enzyme function in mice. Arch Pharm South Korea Res7(1):53-56. 28 WHO, 1999 Herba Thymi. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. Volume 1. Feb. 28, 2003, URL: http://www.who.int/medicines/library/trm/medicinalplants/pdf/p262 29 WESLEY-HADZIJA B, BOHING P, 1956 Influence of some essential oils on the central nervous system of fish. Ann Pharm Fr 14:283. 30 ROCKWELL P, RAW J, 1979 A mutagenic screening of various herbs, spices, and food additives. Nutr Cancer 1:10-15. 31 YAMAMOTO H, MIZUTANI T, NOMURA H, 1982 Studies on the mutagenicity of crude drug extracts. I. Yakugaku Zasshi 102(6):596-601. 32 HAROUN EM, MAHMOUD OM, ADAM SE, 2002 Effect of feeding Cuminum cyminum fruits, Thymus vulgaris leaves or their mixture to rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 44(2):67-69 33 LESLIE GB, SALMON G, 1979 Repeated dose toxicity studies and reproductive studies on nine bio-strath herbal remedies. Swiss Med1(1/2):1-3. 34 Code of Federal Regulations, 2002 Food and drugs. Chapter I - Food and drug administration, department of health and human services. Part 182 - Substances generally recognized as safe. Sec. 182.10. Spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings. U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access, USA. 21(3):451-452. Feb. 24, 2003, URL: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CF... 35 TYLER V, BRADY L, ROBBERS J, 1988 Pharmacognosy. Philadelphia, USA: Lea & Febiger, p127-128. 36 CANIGUERAL S, VILA R, RISCO E, PEREZ F, PORTILLO A, FREIXA B, MILO B, VANACLOCHA B, RIOS JL, MORALES MA, ALONSO JR, BACHILLER LI, PERIS JB, STUBING G, 2002 Thymus vulgaris Vademecum de Fitoterapia, Editorial Masson, Barcelona, España, Jul. 20, 2002. URL: http://www.masson.es/book/fitoterapia.html |