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Ambrosia peruviana(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys fresh leaf, infusion, orally2 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to available information: Use for colic, stomach pain and headache is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)4 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. The pollen deposited on the stem and leaves may cause reactions of hypersensitivity. |
Due to the presence of allergenic pollen in the stem and leaves, wash vegetal material before use. For colic, stomach pain and headache: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 2 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 3 SOLIS P, CORREA M, GUPTA M, 1995 4 WHO, 1991 5 Solis PN, VAsquez Y, Ayala H, Gupta MP, 2002 6 GOLDSBY G, BURKE B, 1987 7 HERZ W, ANDERSON G, GIBAJA S, RAULAIS D, 1969 8 SOUZA BRITO A, 1995 9 BUZNEGO MT, LLANIO M, FERNANDEZ M, LEON N, ACEVEDO M, PEREZ H, 1998 10 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009 Irritación dérmica, piel lesionada en conejos, hoja fresca, de Ambrosia peruviana. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 11PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009 Irritación dérmica, piel lesionada en conejos, hoja macerada en alcohol 94%, de Ambrosia peruviana. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. |
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Anethum graveolens(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys seed and leaf, decoction, taken orally1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
For both uses, it is mainly described in association with Eupatorium aromatizans, Lippia micromera or salt. According to published and other information: Use for abdominal pain, flatulence and stomach pain is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. Not for use in women intending to procreate, during pregnancy, during lactation or in children under 5 years old. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should the abdominal or stomach pain last more than 3 days, seek medical attention. |
The aerial parts ofAnethum graveolens are widely used as a spice. For abdominal pain, flatulence and stomach pain: Prepare a decoction with 15-30 grams (2-3 spoonfuls) of seed in one liter (4 cups) of water; boil for 10 minutes minimum in a covered pot. Filter and take one cup after meals24.
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1 GERMOSÉN-ROBINEAU L, GERÓNIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 2 HARBONE J, WILLIAMS C, 1972 3 DANIEL M, 1989 4 VARNAITE R, 1988 5 DRANIK LI, PROKOPENKO AP, 1969 6 APLIN RT, PAGE CB, 1967 7 PUNDARIKAKSHUDU K, BHAVSAR G, 1991 8 PINKAS M, BEZANGER-BEAUQUESNE L, 1986 9 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 1O IKRAM M, HAQ I, 1980 11 KIUCHI F, NAKAMURA N, MIYASHITA N, NISHIZAWA S, TSUDA Y, KONDO K, 1989 12 DHAR ML, DHAR MM, DHAWAN BN, MEHROTRA BN, RAY C, 1968 13 LOREA PAGANINI F, SILVEIRA SN, AMARANTE SILVA F, VENSKE DE ALMEIRA TR, SINNOTT SILVA E, 1992 14 FEIZ J, MOATTAR F, 1985 15 CHANG I, WOO W, 1980 16 PDR Herbal, 2000 17 CANIGUERAL S, VILA R, RISCO E, PEREZ F, PORTILLO A, FREIXA B, MILO B, VANACLOCHA B, RIOS JL, MORALES MA, ALONSO JR, BACHILLER LI, PERIS JB, STUBING G, 2002 18 HARRIES N, JAMES KC, PUGH WK, 1978 19 SHIPOCHLIEV T, 1968 20 DUKE JA, 1992 21 NATAQUE K, KANZAWA K, MIZUNO M, UENO N, KOBAYASHI T, DANNE GI, MINAMOTO S, 1989 22 SETHI N, NATH D, SINGH RK, 1989 23 FUKUOKA M, YOSHIHIRA K, NATORI S, SAKAMOTO K, IWAHARA S, HOSAKA S, IRONO I, 1980 24 ALBORNOZ A, 1993 25 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BARCELO H, LAINEZ A, MONTES ME, REGO R, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 26 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 |
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Argemone mexicana(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys root, decoction, taken orally1 |
Warnings References |
According to published and other information: Oral use of root for stomach pain is classified as TOXIC (TOX). Given the toxicity of all plant parts, use should be discouraged in any kind of preparation and by any means of administration, regardless of how widely recognized its alleged therapeutic properties may be. In the event of poisoning due to ingestion, seek medical attention. Treatment for poisoning is symptomatic. |
1 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 2 DE SOUSA M, Matos ME, Matos FJ, MACHADO MI, CRAVEIRO AA,1991 Constituintes químicos ativos de plantas medicinais Brasileiras.Laboratorio de produtos naturais, Fortaleza, Brasil: Ceará Edições UFC. 3WILLAMAN J, LI H, 1970 Alkaloid-bearing plants and their contained alkaloids, 1957-1968. Lloydia33(3A)Supp:1-286. 4SANTRA D, SADJI A, 1971 Phytochemical study of Argemone mexicana. Curr Sci40:548. 5HUSSAIN SF, NAKKADY S, KHAN L, SHAMMA M, 1983 Oxyhydrastinine, an isoquinolone alkaloid from the Papaveraceae. Phytochemestry22(1):319-320. 6BOURGEOIS P, 1986 Rapport concernant Argemone mexicana (Papaveraceae). Rapport tramil. Laboratoire de phytochimie, Faculté des Sciences, UAG, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe. 7PENNA CA, RADICE M, GUTKIND GO, VAN BAREN C, BROUSSALIS A, MUSCHIETTI L, MARTINO V, FERRARO G, 1994 Antibacterial and antifungal activities of some Argentinean plants. Fitoterapia65(2):172-174. 8CAMBAR P, SANTOS A, RIVERA O, SALVARADO C, ALAVARENGA L, MENDOZA M, 1987 Prevención de la producción de úlceras gástricas experimentales por algunos extractos de plantas. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 9RUIZ I, DE ORDOÑEZ F, QUAN DE PINEDA L, CAMBAR P, 1987 Caracterización química y efectos cardiovasculares producidos por algunas plantas medicinales en ratas Wistar (conferencia). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: IV Semana Científica. 10FARIDI YU, 1981 Insecticidal properties of some plant material. Indian J Entomol43(4):404-407. 11SRIVASTAVA GN, CHAKRAVARTI RN, ZAIDI SH, 1962 Studies on anticoagulant therapy. 3. In vitro screening of some Indian plant latices for fibrinolytic and anticoagulant activity. Indian J Med Sc16:873-877. 12ASTHANA A, MALL HV, DIXIT K, GUPTA S, 1989 Fungitoxic properties of latex of plants with special reference to that of Croton bonplandianus Baill. Int J Crude Drug Res27(1):25-58. 13BODHANKAR S, GARG SK, MATHUR VS, 1974 Antifertility screening of plants. Part IX. Effect of five indigenous plants on early pregnancy in female albino rats. Indian J Med Res62:831-837. 14GOTO M, NOGUCHI T, WATANABE T, ISHIKAWA I, KOMATSU M, ARAMAKI Y, 1957 Uterus-contracting ingredients in plants. Takeda Kenkyusho Nempo16:21. 15FENG PC, HAYNES LJ, MAGNUS KE, PLIMMER JR, SHERRAT HSA, 1962 Pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants. J Pharm Pharmacol14:556-561. 16PAHWA R, CHATTERJEE V, 1989 The toxicity of Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana L.) seeds to rats. Vet Hum Toxicol31(6):555-558. 17DHAR ML, DHAR MM, DHAWAN B, MEHROTRA BN, RAY C, 1968 Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: part I. Indian J Exp Biol6:232-247. 18SPENCER C, KONIUSZY FR, ROGERS EF, SHAVEL JR J, EASTON NR, KACZKA EA, KUEHL JR, PHILLIPS RF, WALTI A, FOLKERS K, MALANGA C, SEELER AO, 1947 Survey of plants for antimalarial activity. Lloydia10:145-174. 19ABBOT B, LEITER J, HARTWELL JL, CALDWELL ME, BEAL JL, 1966 Screening data from the cancer chemotherapy national service center screening laboratories. XXXIV. Plant extracts. Cancer Res26:761-935. 20PATEL RP, TRIVEDI BM, 1962 The in vitro antibacterial activity of some medicinal oils. Indian J Med Res50:218. 21BOSE B, VIJAYVARGIYA R, SAIFI AQ, SHARMA SK, 1963 Chemical and pharmacological studies on Argemone mexicana. J PharmSc52:1172. 22BUI-TI-YU, SOKOLOV SD, 1973 The effect of alkaloids of Mexican Argemone on aseptic inflammation. Patol Fiziol Ekspter 17:57-59. 23CHAKRAVARTY N, CHAKRAVARTI RN, WERNER G, CHAUDHURI RN, 1954 Toxicity of Argemone alkaloids.Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1:12. 24TRIPATHI K, VAISH SK, GUPTA S, UDUPA S, KAPIL R, 1979 Epidemic dropsy syndrome due to root of Argemone mexicana.Med Surg19(1/2):18-20. 25CHAUDHURI R, SAHA RN, 1955 Ascites produced in rats by Argemone alkaloids. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med3:22. 26DOBBIE G, LANGHAM ME, 1961 Reaction of animal eyes to sanguinarine and Argemone oil. Brit J Ophtalmol45:81-95. 27RUKMINI C, 1971 Sanguinarine potentiating factor in Argemone oil. Indian J Med Res59:1676. 28SINGH R, FARIDI MM, SINGH K, SIDDIQUI R, BHATT N, KARNA S, 1999 Epidemic dropsy in the eastern region of Nepal. J Trop Pediatr45(1):8-13. 29SHARMA K, PANWOGRA J, BANERJEE S, JAIN AK, MISRA SN, 1986 Epidemic dropsy in Rajasthan, clinical study. Indian J Nutr Diet23(2):41-44. 30UPRETI K, DAS M, KHANNA S, 1988 Biochemical toxicology ofArgemone alkaloids. III. Effect of lipid peroxidation in different subcellular fractions of the liver. Tetrahedron Lett42(3):301-308. 31UPRETI K, DAS M, KHANNA S, 1991 Biochemical toxicology ofArgemone oil. I. Effect on hepatic cytochrome P-450 and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. J Appl Toxicol11(3):203-209. 32DALVI R, 1985 Sanguinarine: its potential as a liver toxic alkaloid present in the seeds of Argemone mexicana.Experientia41(1):77-78. 33OLIVER-BEVER B, 1982 Medicinal plants in tropical West Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 5:1-71. |
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Catalpa longissima(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys bark, decoction, orally1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for stomach pain and delayed menstruation (amenorrhea) is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional practice documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, validation and published scientific information available. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should stomach pain last more than 3 days, medical attention should be sought for. The use for fever is also classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and published scientific information available. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should fever last more than 2 days, medical attention should be sought for. Not for use by women during pregnancy as it may lead to abortion, during lactation, or by children under 3 years old. Not for use for more than seven consecutive days in any class of patient. |
For period delay (amenorrhea) and stomach pain: Prepare a decoction with 20 grams of bark pieces in 1 liter (4 cups) of water, with or without a pinch of salt, depending on use, boil for a minimum of 10 minutes in a covered pot. Sift, leave to cool down, and drink 1 cup every 6 hours14. For fever: Prepare a decoction with 10 grams of fresh leaves in 1 liter (4 cups) of water with a pinch of salt; boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. Strain, leave to cool down, and drink 1 cup every 6 hours14. |
1 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 2 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 3 WENIGER B, SAVARY H, DAGUIHL R, 1984 Tri phytochimique de plantes de la liste TRAMIL. Faculté de Médicine, Université d'Haïti, Port au Prince, Haïti. 4 BOURGEOIS P, 1988 Etude chimique de Catalpa longissima. Rapport TRAMIL. Laboratoire de phytochimie, Faculté des Sciences, UAG, Basse Terre, Guadeloupe. 5 CHAUHAN AK, DOBHAL MP, UNIYAL PN, 1988 Phytochemical investigation of Catalpa longissima L. Part I. Herba Pol 34(1/2):3-5. 6 HEGNAUER R, 1973 Chemotaxonomy der Pflanzen. Basel & Stuttgart, Schweiz und Deutchland: Birkhauser Verlag. 6:882. 7 DUKE J, 1999 Chemicals and their biological activities in:Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Dum.Cours. Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.USDA-ARS-NGRL, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, USA, Nov.20,2000. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/ 8 SAUVAIN M, MORETTI C, MUÑOZ V, 1990 Pruebas in vivo para paludismo realizadas en Bolivia sobre varias plantas TRAMIL. ORSTOM/IRD/IBBA, La Paz, Bolivia. 9 HERRERA J, 1988 Determinación de actividades biológicas de vegetales utilizados en medicina tradicional. Trabajo TRAMIL. Dep. de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 10 SOUZA BRITO A, 1995 Actividad farmacológica de Catalpa longissima. Trabajo TRAMIL. Dep. de Fisiología y Biofísica, Universidad de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil. 11 FENG PC, HAYNES LJ, MAGNUS KE, PLIMMER JR, 1964 Further pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants. J Pharm Pharmacol 16:115. 12 NEGWER M, 1987 Organic-chemical drugs and their synonyms (an international survey), 6th ed. Berlin, Germany: Akademie-Verlag. 13 SOUZA BRITO A, 1995 Toxicidad aguda de Catalpa longissima. Trabajo TRAMIL. Dep. de Fisiología y Biofísica, Universidad de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil. 14 MINISTERE DE L’EMPLOI ET DE LA SOLIDARITE, 1998 Les médicaments à base de plantes. Paris, France: Agence du Médicament. |
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Chrysopogon zizanioides(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys apical bud, decoction, orally2 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: The uses of root decoction against insomnia, nervousness and cough are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information. The use of root decoction against abdominal pain, and the use of leaf and root decoction for headache are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. The use of apical bud decoction for stomach pain is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information. The use of apical bud decoction for urinary infection is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. The use of root and entire plant decoction by ingestion and in baths for high temperature (fever) is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should symptoms persist for more than 2 days for high temperature (fever) and headache, for more than 3 days for stomach pain and urinary infection, or for more than 7 days for nervousness, seek medical attention. |
There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 2 GIRÓN L, 1988 3 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 4 SOLÍS PN, RODRÍGUEZ N, ESPINOSA A, GUPTA MP, 2004 5 SHIBAMOTO T, NISHIMURA O, 1982 6 WEYERSTAHL P, MARSCHALL H, SPLITTGERBER U, WOLF D, 1997 7 WEYERSTAHL P, MARSCHALL H, SPLITTGERBER U, WOLF D, 1996 8 LU Y, 1989 9 CÁCERES A, GONZÁLEZ S, GIRÓN L, 1998 10 SOLÍS PN, RODRÍGUEZ N, ESPINOSA A, GUPTA MP, 2004 11 GARCÍA GM, COTO MT, GONZÁLEZ CS, PAZOS L, 2000 12 GARCÍA GM, COTO MT, GONZÁLEZ CS, PAZOS L, 2000 13 PAZOS L, COTO MT, GONZÁLEZ CS, QUIROS S, 2003 14 CAMBAR P, COUSIN L, SANTOS A, ALGER J, 1989 15 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZÁLEZ S, QUIROS S, 2004 16 CAMBAR P, 1996 17 AMDUR MD, MEAD J, 1958 18 JAIN SC, NOWICKI S, EISNER T, MEINWALD J, 1982 19 DIKSHIT A, HUSAIN A, 1984 20 SINGH B, AGRAWAL S, 1988 21 KINDRA K, SATYANARAYANA T, 1978 22 CHAUMONT J, BARDEY I, 1989 23 GANGRADE SK, SHRIVASTAVA RD, SHARMA OP, JAIN NK, TRIVEDI KC, 1991 24 PELLEGRINO J, 1967 25 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZÁLEZ S, 2003 26 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZÁLEZ S, 2003 27 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZÁLEZ S, 2003 28 HIRUMA-LIMA CA, SOUZA BRITO AR, 2002 29 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZÁLEZ S, 2003 30 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZÁLEZ S, 2003 |
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Cissampelos pareira(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, decoction, orally1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for stomach pain is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information. Not for use by women during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 12 years old. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should stomach pain last more than 3 days, seek medical attention. |
For stomach pain: Prepare decoction with 10 grams of fresh leaves in 750 mL (3 cups) of water; boil for at least 10 minutes in covered pot. Leave to cool down and take one cup 3 times a day24. |
1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 KUPCHAN SM, PATEL AC, FUJITA E, 1965 Tumor inhibitors VI. Cissampareine, new cytotoxic alkaloid from Cissampelos pareira, cytotoxicity of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. J Pharm Sci 54:580. 3 BHATNAGAR AK, BHATTACHARJI S, POPLI SP, 1968 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of cycleanine. Indian J Chem 6:125. 4 ANWER F, POPLI SB, SRIVASTAVA RM, KHARE MP, 1968 Studies in medicinal plants. Part III. Protoberberine alkaloids from the roots of Cissampelos pareira. Experientia 24:999. 5 BHATTACHARJI S, SHARMA VN, DHAR ML, 1955 Chemical constituents of the roots of Cissampelos pareira. Bull Natl Inst Sci India 1955:39. 6 YOKOYAMA N, KUPCHAN SM, 1963 Studies in the chemistry of pharmacologically active alkaloids. Diss Abstr Int Bull 24:1412. 7 SRIVASTAVA RM, KHARE MP, 1964 Water soluble alkaloids from the root bark of Cissampelos pareira. Chem Ber 97:2732-2741. 8 BHATTACHARJI S, SHARMA VN, DHAR ML, 1956 Chemical examination of the roots of Cissampelos pareira. J Sci Ind Res B 15:363. 9 SRIVASTAVA RM, KHARE MP, 1963 Water-soluble alkaloids of the root bark of Cissampelos pareira. Curr Sci 32:114. 10 HAYNES LJ, HERBERT EJ, PLIMMER JR, 1966 (++)-4"-O-methylcurine from Cissampelos pareira. J Chem Soc C 1966:615. 11 DWUMA-BADU D, AYIM JSK, MINGLE CA, TACKIE AN, SLATKIN DJ, KNAPP JE, SCHIFF JR PL, 1975 Constituents of West African. Medicinal plants. Part 10. Alkaloids of Cissampelos pareira. Phytochemistry 14:2520-2521. 12 MORITA H, MATSUMOTO K, TAKEYA K, ITOKAWA H, IITAKA Y, 1993 Structures and solid state tautomeric forms of two novel antileukemic tropoloisoquinoline alkaloids, pareirubrines a and b, from Cissampelos pareira. Chem Pharm Bull 41(8):1418-1422. 13 MORITA H, MATSUMOTO K, TAKEYA K, ITOKAWA H, 1993 Azafluoranthene alkaloids from Cissampelos pareira.Chem Pharm Bull 41(7):1307-1308. 14 HOFFSTADT B, MOECKE D, PACHALY P, ZYMALKOWSKI P, 1974 Alkaloids from Thai Menispermaceae drug krung kha mao. 2. Isolation and structure of a new berbamine alkaloid. Tetrahedron 30:307. 15 HERRERA J, 1994 Determinación de actividades biológicas de vegetales utilizados en medicina tradicional. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Fitofarmacología, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 16 SPENCER CF, KONIUSZY FR, ROGERS EF, SHAVEL J, EASTON NR, KACZKA EA, KUEHL FA, PHILLIPS RF, WALTI A, FOLKERS K, MALANGA C, SEELER AO, 1947 Survey of plants for antimalarial activity. Lloydia 10:145-174. 17 GEORGE M, PETALAI K, 1949 Investigations on plant antibiotics. Part IV. Further search for antibiotic substances in Indian medicinal plants. Indian J Med Res 37:169-181. 18 FENG PC, HAYNES LJ, MAGNUS KE, PLIMMER JR, SHERRAT HSA, 1962 Phamacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants. J Pharm Pharmacol 14:556-561. 19 FLORIANI L, 1936 Pharmacology ofCissampelos pareira var. gardneri. Rev Pharm 78:49. 20 MOKKHASMIT M, NGARNWATHANA W, SAWASDIMONGKOL K, PERMPHIPHAT U, 1971 Pharmacological evaluation of Thai medicinal plants (continued). J Med Assoc Thailand 54(7):490-504. 21 ADESINA SK, 1982 Studies on some plants used as anticonvulsants in Amerindian and African traditional medicine. Fitoterapia 53:147-162. 22 ROY P, 1952 A preliminary note on the pharmacological action of the total alkaloids isolated from Cissampelos pareira. Indian J Med Res 40:95. 23 SARAVIA A, 1992 Toxicidad deCissampelos pareira. Informe TRAMIL. Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. TRAMIL VI, Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, UAG/enda-caribe. 24 BOISSIER J, 1965 Contribution to the study of alkaloids of some Menispermaceae of Madagascar. Lloydia 28:191. 25 CORREIA DA SILVA A, QUITERIA PAIVA M, 1964 Curarizing activity ofCissampelos mucronata alkaloids. Rev Port Farm 14:143. 26 CHAPUIS J, SORDAT B, HOSTETTMANN K, 1988 Screening for cytotoxic activity of plants used in traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 23(2/3):273-284. |
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Cymbopogon citratus(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, decoction or infusion, orally2,44 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for diarrhea, stomach pain, fever, flatulence, flu, colds and cough is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information. In case of diarrhea, the use of this resource can be considered complementary to oral re-hydration therapy. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should diarrhea last more than 3 days in adult or 2 days in children, or should fever last more than 2 days, stomach pain more than 3, or cough more than 5, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 3 years old. |
TRAMIL Research42 For diarrhea, stomach pain, fever, flatulence, flu, colds and cough: Prepare a decoction or infusion with 15-25 grams of leaf in 1 liter (4 cups) of water. For decoction, boil for at least10 minutes in a covered pot; for infusion, add boiling water to 15-25 grams of leaf. Cover and leave to cool down. Filter and drink 1 cup (250 mL), 2-3 times a day. In all the above-mentioned uses for oral administration, the preparation should be properly filtered, using a cloth, as a prerequisite for consumption, in order to avoid mechanical injuries to the mucosas, due to the microfilaments present in the leaf26. |
1 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Dep. de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 2 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 3 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 4 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 5 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 6 JEAN-PIERRE L, 1988 TRAMIL survey. St. Lucia National Herbarium, Castries, St. Lucia. 7 FAUJOUR A, MURREY D, CHELTENHAM-CORBIN B, CARRINGTON S, 2003 TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA & UAG, Saint Thomas, Barbados. 8 OCAMPO R, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica), Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. 9 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 10 DELENS M, 1992 Encuesta TRAMIL en los Estados Lara y Sucre de Venezuela. Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular CESAP, Caracas, Venezuela. 11 O'REILLY A, 1992 TRAMIL survey. Chemistry & Food Technology Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Dunbars, Antigua & Barbuda. 12 BENEDETTI MD, 1994 Encuesta TRAMIL. Universidad de Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. 13 MENDEZ M, MEDINA ML, DURAN R, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Unidad de recursos naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán CICY, Mérida, México. 14 BALLAND V, GLASGOW A, SPRINGER F, GAYMES G, 2004 TRAMIL survey. IICA, UAG & U.PARIS XI, Saint Vincent. 15 ABEGAZ B, YOHANNES P, DIETER R, 1983 Constituents of the essential oil of Ethiopian Cymbopogon citratus. J Nat Prod 46(3):424-426. 16 DE MATOUSCHEK B, STAHL-BISKUP E, 1991 Phytochemical investigation of nonvolatile constituents ofCymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (Poaceae). Pharm Acta Helv 66(9/10):242-245. 17 HANSON S, CRAWFORD M, KOKER M, MENEZES F, 1976 Cymbopogonol, a new triterpenoid from Cymbopogon citratus. Phytochemistry15:1074-1075. 18 YOKOYAMA Y, TSUYUKI T, NAKAMURA N, TAKAHASHI T, HANSON S, MATSUSHITA K, 1980 Revised structures of cymbopogone and cymbopogonol. Tetrahedron Lett21:3701-3702. 19 OLANIYI A, SOFOWORA E, OGUNTIMEHIN B, 1975 Phytochemical investigation of some Nigerian plants used against fevers. II. Cymbopogon citratus. Planta Med 28:186-189. 20 WILLAMAN JJ, LI H, 1970 Alkaloid-bearing plants and their contained alkaloids, 1957-1968. Lloydia33(Supp.3A):1-286. 21 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p57. 22 SAUVAIN M, MORETTI C, MUÑOZ V, 1990 Pruebas in vivo para paludismo realizadas en Bolivia sobre varias plantas TRAMIL. ORSTOM/IRD/IBBA, La Paz, Bolivia. 23 MORON F, SANCHEZ C, MARTINEZ MC, MOREJON Z, PINEDO Z, 2000 Actividad antiespasmódica in vitro de hojas frescas de Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 24 MORON F, FURONES J, PINEDO Z, 1996 Ausencia de efectos antiinflamatorio y analgésico del extracto fluído de Cymbopogon citratus al 30% por vía oral. Rev Cubana Plant Med 1(2):3-6. 25 CARBALLO A, 1995 Plantas medicinales del Escambray cubano. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 26 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, DAGUILH R, HENRYS D, HENRYS J, ANTON R, 1986 Popular medicine of the central plateau of Haiti. 2. Ethnopharmacological inventory. J Ethnopharmacol 17(1):13-30. 27 CARLINI EA, CONTAR JD, SILVA-FILHO AR, SOLVEIRA-FILHO NG, FROCHTENGARTEN ML, BUENO OF, 1986 Pharmacology of lemon-grass Cymbopogon citratus I. Effect of teas prepared from the leaves on laboratory animals. J Ethnopharmacol 17(1):37-64. 28 SOUZA FORMIGONI ML, LODDER HM, FILHO OG, FERREIRA TM, CARLINI EA, 1986 Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). II. Effects of daily two month administration in male and female rats and in offspring exposed "in utero". J Ethnopharmacol 17(1):65-74. 29 CARBAJAL D, CASACO A, ARRUZAZABALA L, GONZALEZ R, TOLON Z, 1989 Pharmacological study of Cymbopogon citratus leaves. J Ethnopharmacol25(1):103-107. 30 LAM L, ZHENG B, 1991 Effects of essential oils on glutathione S-transferase activity in mice. J Agric Food Chem 39(4):660-662. 31 LORENZETTI B, SOUZA G, SARTI S, FILHO DS, FERREIRA SH, 1991 Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic activity of lemongrass tea. J Ethnopharmacol 34(1):43-48. 32 LEMOS TLG, MATOS FJA, ALENCAR JW, CRAVEIRO AA, CLARK AM, MC CHESNEY JD, 1990 Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Brazilian plants. Phytother Res4(2):82-84. 33 AWUAH R, 1989 Fungitoxic effects of extracts from some West African plants. Ann Appl Biol 115(3):451-453. 34 REYNOLDS JEF, PRASAD AB, Eds., 1982 MARTINDALE The extra pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London, England: The Pharmaceutical Press. p677. 35 SETH, G, KOKATE CK, VARMA KC, 1976 Effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus on central nervous system. Indian J Exp Biol 14(3):370-371. 36 DUKE JA, 1992 Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their bioactivities. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. 37 KOBAYASHI N, 1989 Pharmaceutical compositions containing lemongrass extracts and antioxidants. Patens Japan Kokai Tokio Koho., 01, 221, 320. 38 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BARCELO H, LAINEZ A, MONTES ME, REGO R, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Toxicidad aguda clásica de hoja seca de Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 39 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Actividad genotóxica in vitro de hoja seca de Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 40 de la Torre RA, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ, Cortinas de Nava C, Izquierdo T, Moron F, 1994 Genotoxic activity of mebendazole in Aspergillus nidulans. Mutat Res 305(2):139-144. 41 LEITE JR, SEABRA ML, MALUF E, ASSOLANT K, SUCHECKI D, TUFIK S, KLEPACZ S, CALIL HM, CARLINI EA, 1986 Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates Stapf). III. Assessment of eventual toxic, hypnotic and anxiolytic effects on humans. J Ethnopharmacol 17(1):75-83. 42 CARBALLO A, 1995 Cálculo de concentración y dosis de las drogas vegetales TRAMIL: Mensuraciones farmacognósticas y aproximaciones técnico-clínicas. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 43 DELAIGUE J, 2005 TRAMIL survey. UAG & PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago. 44 ZambranoLE, 2007 Encuesta TRAMIL en Guareguare, Miranda. UCV, Caracas, Venezuela. 45 BALZ E, BOYER A, BURAUD M, 2007 Enquête TRAMIL à Marie-Galante. U. Bordeaux 3, U. Paris XI Chatenay-Malabry, UAG, Guadeloupe. 46 BOYER A, BURAUD M, 2007 Enquête TRAMIL à La Désirade. U. Paris XI Chatenay-Malabry, UAG, Guadeloupe. 47 OCRISSE G, 2008 Enquête TRAMIL auprès de 250 familles de la moitié Est de la partie francophone de St Martin. Biologie végétale, UAG, Guadeloupe. 48 BOULOGNE I, 2009 Enquête TRAMIL, (Terre-de-Bas et Terre-de-Haut) Les Saintes, UAG, Guadeloupe. |
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Dysphania ambrosioides(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys aerial parts, infusion or decoction, orally1,3-4 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for diarrhea, stomach pain and intestinal parasites, is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. In no case should the specified manner of preparation and dosage be altered. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should the diarrhea or stomach pain last more than 3 days, or more than 2 days in children over 5 years old, medical attention should be sought. For diarrhea, this resource is considered complementary to oral re-hydration therapy. Use for diarrhea, stomach pain and intestinal parasites is recommended only when disorder is caused by ascaris, pinworms and hookworms; not for other types of diarrhoea, stomach pain or other intestinal parasites. Use is contraindicated in individuals with hepatic disorders, renal insufficiency14, weakened individuals and the elderly. Not for use by women during pregnancy, as it may be abortifacient, or during breast feeding or by children under 5 years old. Use for skin ulcer is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and skin toxicity assays. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should the skin ulcer last more than 5 days, medical attention should be sought for. In topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. |
For intestinal parasites, diarrhea and stomach pain caused by parasites: prepare a decoction or infusion with 7 grams of aerial parts (leaf, flower, stem) in 300 mL (more than 1 cup) of water. For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot; for infusion, add boiling water to 7 grams of aerial parts, cover and leave to cool down during 10 minutes. Strain and drink 1 cup (250 mL) for adults, 1/2 cup (125 mL) for people weighing 35 kg, and 1/3 cup (80 mL) for children over 5 years. Drink once a day only for 3 consecutive days46 and do not repeat treatment within six months. Taking a saline laxative is recommended (e.g. magnesium sulfate) after the last intake; however, no oily purgatives should be taken14. For skin ulcer: Wash the injury with purified water and soap. Wash the aerial plant parts properly, press or crush, and apply to affected area. Cover with a clean cloth and replace twice a day. |
1 GIRON L, 1988 2 DELENS M, 1990-92 3 CHARLES C, 1988 4 WENIGER B, 1987-88 5 HERRERA J,1994 6 MENDEZ M, MEDINA ML, DURAN R, 1996 7 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 8 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 9 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 10 SOTOMAYOR U, RUEDA R, 1990 11 SolIs PN, Espinosa A, De Gracia J, Martínez L, Gupta MP, 2003 12 SolIs PN, Espinosa A, De Gracia J, Martínez L, Gupta MP, 2003 13 GOMEZ H, GAITAN R, DIAZ F, 2003 14 CANIGUERAL S, VILA R, RISCO E, PEREZ F, PORTILLO A, FREIXA B, MILO B, VANACLOCHA B, RIOS JL, MORALES MA, ALONSO JR, BACHILLER LI, PERIS JB, STUBING G, 2002 15 BOURGEOIS P, JOSEPH H, SAVARY H, 1989 16 TAKEMOTO T, NAKAJIMA T, 1957 17 BAUER L, BRASIL E, SILVA GA, 1973 18 ARISAWA M, MINABE N, SAEKI R, TAKAKUWA T, NAKAOKI T, 1971 19 JAIN N, LAM MS, KAMIL M, ILYAS M, NIWA M, SAKAE A, 1990 20 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 21 CAMBAR P, 1988 22 DESTA B, 1993 23SAUVAIN M, MORETTI C, MUÑOZ V, 1990 24 MISRA P, PAL N, GURU P, katiyar JC, TANDON JS, 1991 25 ROSS SA, EL-KELTAWI NE, MEGALLA SE, 1980 26 BUTZ LN, LA LANDE JR, 1937 27 BLISS AR, 1925 28 FERNAN-NUÑEZ M, 1927 29 KISHORE N, DUBEY NK, SINGH SK, DIXIT SN, 1981 30 TENG X, 1980 31 KAPADIA GJ, CHUNG EB, GHOSH B, SHUKLA YN, BASAK SP, MORTON JF, PRADHAN SN, 1978 32 SALAN W, LIVINGSTONE AE, 1916 33 SALAN W, LIVINGSTONE AE, 1915 34 SALAN W, MITCHELL C, 1915 35 KLIKS MM, 1985 36 feroz h, khare ak, srivastava mc, 1982 37 GONZALEZ A, 1990 38 OPDYKE DLJ, 1976 39 BHAKUNI OS, DHAR ML, DHAR MM, DHAWAN BN, MEHROTRA BN, 1969 40 MOLE A, 1952 41 WOLF IJ, 1932 42 CONTRERAS AA, ZOLLA C, 1982 43 JELLIFFE DB, 1951 44 MELE A, 1952 45 ANDRIEN J, PARMENTIER PD, COMPERE J, BOUNAMEAUX Y, 1971 46DELENS M, Ed., 2000 47 LOPEZ M, MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FERRADA C, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 48 LOPEZ M, MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FERRADA C, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 49 DELAIGUE J, 2005 50 Zambrano LE, 2007 51 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009 Toxicidad oral aguda, dosis repetida, en ratón, partes aéreas de Chenopodium ambrosioides. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 52 LOPEZ DE GUIMARAES D, NEYRA LLANOS RS, ROMERO ACEVEDO JH, 2001 53 MACDONALD D, VANCREY K, HARRISON P, RANGACHARI PK, ROSENFELD J, WARREN C, SORGER G, 2004 54 GADANOA AB, GURNI AA, CARBALLO MA, 2006 55 BOULOGNE I, 2009 Enquête TRAMIL, (Terre-de-Bas et Terre-de-Haut) Les Saintes, UAG, Guadeloupe. |
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Foeniculum vulgare(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys seed and/or leaf, decoction, orally2 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for stomach pain, abdominal pain and flatulence is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should stomach pain persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Use for earache is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Due to the potential health risks associated with earache, and to determine whether it is caused by middle and/or inner ear infection, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. Its use is contraindicated if symptoms such as ear secretions and/or evidence of perforation of the tympanic membrane are present. Before any application in the ear, strict hygienic measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or further infection. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should earache last more than 2 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 3 years old. The seed can cause hypersensitivity and allergic reactions. |
The leaf of Foeniculum vulgare is widely used for human consumption and the seed is an industrial source of essential oil. For stomach pain, abdominal pain and flatulence: Prepare a decoction with 0.3-0.6 grams of dried seed or 3-5 grams of fresh leaves in 250 mL (1 cup) of water, boil for 10 minutes minimum in a covered pot, filter, allow to cool, and drink 1 cup 3 times a day24-25. For earache: There is no available information for establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 HAGINIWA J, HARADA M, MORISHITA I, 1963 Pharmacological studies on crude drugs. VII. Properties of essential oil components of aromatics & their pharmacological effect on mouse intestine. Yakugaku Zasshi 83:624. 4 AKUNZEMANN J, HERRMANN K, 1977 Isolation and identification of flavon(ol)-O-glycosides in caraway (Carum carvi L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), and of flavone-C-glycosides in anise. I. Phenolics of spices. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 164:194-200. 5 HARANATH P, AKTHER M, SHARIF S, 1987 Acetylcholine and choline in common spices. Phytother Res 1(2):91-92. 6 ZOBEL A, BROWN S, 1991 Psoralens on the surface of seeds of Rutaceae and fruits of Umbelliferae and Leguminosae. Can J Bot 69(3):485-488. 7 CESKA O, CHAUDHARY S, WARRINGTON P, ASHWOOD-SMITH M, 1987 Photoactive furocoumarins in fruits of some Umbellifers. Phytochemistry 26(1):165-169. 8 MENDEZ J, CASTRO-POCEIRO J, 1981 Coumarins in Foeniculum vulgare fruits. Rev Latinoamer Quim 12:91-92. 9 SALEH N, EL-NEGOUMY S, EL-HADIDI M, HOSNI H, 1983 Comparative study of the flavonoids of some local members of the Umbelliferae. Phytochemistry22(6):1417-1420. 10 LATTANZIO V, MARCHESINI A, 1981 Determination of plant phenols by gel filtration. J Food Sci 46:1907-1909. 11 HARBONE J, BOARDLEY M, 1984 Use of high-performance liquid chromatography in the separation of flavonol glycosides and flavonol sulphates. J Chromatogr 299(2):377-385. 12 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p75. 13 CARBALLO A, 1995 Plantas medicinales del Escambray cubano. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 14 LEIFERTOVA I, LISA M, 1986 The antifungal properties of higher plants affecting some species of the genus Aspergillus. Folia Pharm (Prague) 2:29-54. 15 MALINI T, VANITHAKUMARI G, MEGALA N, ANUSYA S, DEVI K, ELANGO V, 1985 Effect of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. seed extract on the genital organs of male and female rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 29(1):21-26. 16 MASCOLO N, AUTORE G, CAPASSO F, MENGHINI A, FASULO MP, 1987 Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory activity. Phytother Res 1(1):28-31. 17 DUKE JA, 1988 Handbook of medicinal herbs. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. 18 PINKAS M, BEZANGER-BEAUQUESNE L, 1986 Les plantes dans la thérapeutique moderne. Paris, France: 2 éd. Ed. Maloine. 19 ALBERT PULEO M, 1980 Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents. J Ethnopharmacol 2(4):337-344. 20 HURTADO M, CARBALLO A, 1990 Las plantas medicinales TRAMIL en la farmacopea soviética. Centro de Investigaciones de Fitoterapia y Medicina Tradicional, Topes de Collantes, Cuba. 21 ALFONSO H, 1992 Evaluación de la toxicidad dérmica deMomordica charantia L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill yCassia occidentalis L. en cobayos. Informe tramil. Centro Nacional de Salud Animal CENSA, La Habana, Cuba. 22 SHAH A, QURESHI S, AGEEL A, 1991 Toxicity studies in mice of ethanol extracts ofFoeniculum vulgare fruit andRuta chalepensis aerial parts. J Ethnopharmacol 34(2/3):167-172. 23 SEETHARAM K, PASRICHA J, 1987 Condiments and contact dermatitis of the finger-tips. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 53(6):325-328. 24 ASSOCIATION SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, 1983 British herbal pharmacopœia. Bournemouth, England: British Herbal Medicine Association. 25 CARBALLO A, 1995 Cálculo de concentración y dosis de las drogas vegetales TRAMIL: Mensuraciones farmacognósticas y aproximaciones técnico-clínicas. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 26 MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Clases tóxicas agudas (CTA) de una decocción de hoja fresca de Foeniculum vulgare Miller.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 27 MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Irritabilidad dérmica primaria del zumo filtrado de hojas frescas machacadas de Foeniculum vulgare Mill.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. |
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Justicia pectoralis(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, decoction, orally1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for stomach-ache and nervousness is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should nervousness persist for more than 7 days, seek medical attention. Do not use more than 30 days and with patients with circulatory problems. Use for bruises and sprains is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)4 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. For topical application, strict hygienic measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation, or by children under 5 years old. |
For bruises and sprains: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. For stomach ache and nervousness: Prepare a decoction with 5-10 grams of leaf or aerial parts in 250 mL (1 cup) of water. Boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. Filter, leave to cool down and drink whenever required by symptomatic manifestation. |
1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 3 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 4 CARBALLO A, 1990 Encuesta TRAMIL. Centro de investigación de fitoterapia y medicina tradicional de Topes de Collantes, Trinidad, Cuba. 5 OCAMPO R, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica), Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. 6 WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 7 Solis PN, VAsquez Y, Ayala H, Gupta MP, 2002 Informe de validación de algunas plantas tramil. Fase iii. Informe TRAMIL. Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña CIFLORPAN, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá. 8 WENIGER B, SAVARY H, DAGUIHL R, 1984 Tri phytochimique de plantes de la liste TRAMIL. Laboratoire de chimie des substances naturelles, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université d'Etat d'Haïti, Port au Prince, Haïti. 9 DE VRIES JX, TAUSCHER B, WURZEL G, 1988 Constituents of Justicia pectoralis Jacq. 2. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of simple coumarins, 3-phenylpropionic acids and their hydroxy and methoxy derivatives. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom 15(8):413-417. 10 JOSEPH H, GLEYE J, MOULIS C, MENSAH L, ROUSSAKIS C, GRATAS C, 1988 Justicidin B, a cytotoxic principle from Justicia pectoralis. J Nat Prod 51(3):599-600. 11 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants.Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press, p90. 12 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, Pazos L, 1998 Velocidad del tránsito intestinal en ratón, del extracto acuoso de hoja fresca de Justicia pectoralis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 13 CACERES A, 2000 Actividad de Justicia pectoralis contra las bacterias causales de infecciones respiratorias. Informe TRAMIL.Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos USAC, Guatemala, Guatemala. 14 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2003 Actividad sedante-tranquilizante, en ratones, del extracto acuoso de partes aéreas de Justicia pectoralis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 15 MACRAE W, TOWERS G, 1984 Justicia pectoralis: A study of the basis for its use as a hallucinogenic snuff ingredient. J Ethnopharmacol 12(1):93-111. 16 FernAndez L, PErez H, Mas R, RodrIguez L, GalAn L, Biscay R, 1987 Efecto de Justicia pectoralis sobre la conducta exploratoria en ratones. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas. Estudios Avanzados en Neurociencias (suppl 1). p257-264. 17 FERNANDEZ L, PEREZ SAAD H, MAS R, RODRIGUEZ RIVERA L, GALAN L, BISCAY R, 1987 Efecto de Justicia pectoralis sobre la conducta exploratoria en ratones. En: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CENIC) Ed. Estudios avanzados en neurociencias. La Habana, Cuba: Editorial CENIC. p257-264. 18 FERNANDEZ L, MAS R, PEREZ SAAD H, BISCAY R, GALAN L, 1989 Evaluación preliminar de los efectos neurofarmacológicos de Justicia pectoris. Rev Cub Farm 23(1/2):161-166. 19 RODRIGUEZ E, VIRNES A, ALEMAN J, 1989 Estudio preliminar del efecto de Justicia pectoralis sobre el EEG de adultos normales. Rev Cub Farm 23(3):302-308. 20 MAS R; MENENDEZ R, FERNANDEZ L, PEREZ SAAD H, RODRIGUEZ RIVERA L, KAMMERER E, 1987 ¿Posee Justicia pectoralis las características farmacológicas de los neurolépticos clásicos? En: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CENIC) Ed. Estudios avanzados en neurociencias. La Habana, Cuba: Editorial CENIC. p273-283. 21PEREZ SAAD H, MAS R, FERNANDEZ L, RODRIGUEZ RIVERA L, 1987 Justicia pectoralis no previene las convulsiones inducidas por PTZ y PTX. En: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CENIC) Ed. Estudios avanzados en neurociencias. La Habana, Cuba: Editorial CENIC. p265-272. 22 MILLS J, Pascoe KO, Chambers J, Melville GN, 1986 Preliminary investigations of the wound-healing properties of a Jamaican folk medicine plant. West Indian Med J 35(3):190-193. 23 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, OCAMPO R, GonzAlez CS, Pazos L, 2001 Toxicidad aguda en ratones del extracto acuoso de partes aéreas de Justicia pectoralis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 24 MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, BETANCOURT J, FUENTES V, MOREJON Z, MORON, F, BOUCOURT E, 2002 Toxicidad aguda tópica de Justicia pectoralis Jacq. Informe TRAMIL. Facultad de Medicina "Dr. Salvador Allende". Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. La Habana, Cuba. 25 MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, BETANCOURT J, FUENTES V, MOREJON Z, MORON, F, BOUCOURT E, 2002 Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de Justicia pectoralis Jacq. Informe TRAMIL. Facultad de Medicina "Dr. Salvador Allende". Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. La Habana, Cuba. 26 PILOTO FERRER J, VIZOSO A, RAMOS A, GARCIA A, REMIGIO A, VEGA Y, GONZALEZ ML, RODRIGUEZ C, CARBALLO C, 2009 Plantas medicinales. Diez años de evaluaciones toxicogenéticas en el CIDEM. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 8(5):428-434. 27 MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, GARCIA MJ, BOUCOURT E, VICTORIA M, FUENTES V, MORON F, BOULOGNE I, ROBINEAU L, 2009 Encuesta TRAMIL preliminar a grupos de vecinos en los municipios 10 de Octubre, Lisa, Marianao, Habana del Este (Cojímar) en la Ciudad de la Habana. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. |
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Matricaria recutita(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, infusion, orally4 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for colic, diarrhea, stomach pain and expulsion of placenta is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. For diarrhea, the use of this plant can be considered complementary to oral re-hydration therapy. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should the colic, diarrhea or stomach pain last more than 3 days, seek medical attention. The pollen is potentially allergenic and may induce reactions of hypersensitivity in susceptible individuals or those with prior allergy to Asteraceae (esp. ragweed and Chrysanthemum).
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For menstrual pain and stomach pain: Prepare an infusion adding 250 mL (1 cup) of boiling water to 3 grams of dried flower. Cover pot, leave to settle for 5-10 minutes and filter. Drink one cup between meals, 3-4 times a day32-33. There is no available information about preparation and dosage of the decoction of the entire plant, the infusion of the leaf, or the infusion of the leaf and flower, other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 RAUSCHERT S, 1974 Nomenklatorische Probleme in der Gattung Matricaria L. Folia Geobot Phytotax Praha 9:249-260. 2 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Dep. de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 3 GOMEZ H, GAITAN R, DIAZ F, 2003 Encuesta TRAMIL (Norte del departamento de Bolívar). Grupo de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. 4 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 5 FRANZ C, WICKEL I, 1980 Contribution to the heredity of bisaboloids in Chamomilla recutita. (abstract). Planta Med 39:287-288. 6 SALAMON I, 1992 Production of chamomile, Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, in Slovakia. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 1(1/2):37-45. 7 MANCHENO MN, 1987 La manzanilla dentro del plan terapéutico de tratamiento de la enfermedad diarreica aguda del Ministerio de Salud. Nicaragua. Rescate de la Medicina Popular Tradicional. 8 MERICLI AH, 1990 The lypophilic compounds of a Turkish Matricaria chamomilla variety with no chamazulene in the volatile oil. Int J Crude Drug Res 28(2):145-147. 9 TOPOLOV V, GABROLOV M, YANKOLOV J, 1983 Plantas medicinales and fitoterapia (Bilki and Bilcosvirane). Plovdiv, Bulgaria: Ed. Jristo G. Danov. 10 MORON F, FURONES J, PINEDO Z, 1996 Actividad espasmolítica del extracto fluído de Matricaria recutita (Manzanilla) en órganos aislados. Rev Cubana Plant Med 1(1):19-24. 11 CAMBAR P, 1992 Efectos broncopulmonares de los extractos acuosos de flores de Matricaria chamomilla L. (Manzanilla) en conejos. Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 12 ABDUL-GHANI AS, EL-LATI SG, SACAAN AI, SULEIMAN MS, AMIN RM, 1987 Anticonvulsant effects of some Arab medicinal plants. Int J Crude Drug Res 25(1):39-43. 13 HOERHAMMER L, 1962 Flavone concentration of medicinal plants with regard to their spasmolytic action. Congr Sci Farm Conf Commun 21st Pisa 1961(21):578-588. 14 JAKOVLEV V, ISAAC O, FLASKAMP E, 1983 Pharmacologische Untersuchungen von Kamillen-Inhaltsstoffen. VI. Untersuchungen zur antiphlogistiche Wirkung von Chamazulen und Matricin. Planta Med 49:67-73. 15 YAMAZAKI M, SHIROTA H, 1981 Application of experimental stress ulcer test in mice for the survey of neurotropic naturally occurring drug materials. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 35:96-102. 16 GERSHEBIN LL, 1977 Regeneration of rat liver in the presence of essential oils and their components. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15(3):173-182. 17 ITOKAWA H, MIHASHI S, WATANABE K, NATSUMOTO H, HAMANAKA T, 1983 Studies on the constituents of crude drugs having inhibitory activity against contraction of the ileum caused by histamine or barium chloride (I). Screening test for the activity of commercially available crude drugs and the related plant materials. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 37(3):223-228. 18 LESLIE GB, 1978 A pharmacometric evaluation of nine bio-strath herbal remedies. Medita 8(10):3-19. 19 SZELENYI I, ISSAC O, THIEMER K, 1979 Pharmakologische Untersuchungen von Kamillen-inhaltsstoffen. III. Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen uber die ulkusprotektive Wirkung der Kamille. Planta Med 35:218-227. 20 SHIPOCHLIEV T, 1981 Uterotonic action of extract from a group of medicinal plants. Vett Med Nauki 18(4):94-98. 21 ACHTERRATH-TUCKERMANN U, KUNDE R, FLASKAMP E, ISAAC O, THIEMER K, 1980 Pharmacological investigations with compounds of chamomile. V. Investigations on the spasmolytic effect of compounds of chamomile and Kamillosan on the isolated guinea pig ileum. Planta Med 39(1):38-50. 22 AGGAG ME, YOUSEF RT, 1972 Study of antimicrobial activity of chamomile oil. Planta Med 22(2):140-144. 23 MANN C, STABA E, 1986 The chemistry, pharmacology and commercial formulations of chamomile. In: Herbs, spices and medicinal plants; recent advances in botany, horticulture and pharmacology. Phoenix, USA: Oryxpress 1:235-280. 24 ISAAC O, 1979 Pharmacological investigations with compounds of chamomile I. On the pharmacology of alfa-bisabolol and bisabolol oxides (review). Planta Med 35:118-124. 25 JAKOVLEV V, SCHLICHTEGROLL A, 1969 Antiinflammatory activity of (-)-alpha-bisabolol, an essential component of chamomille oil. Arzneim-Forsch 19:615. 26 AL-HINDAWI M, AL-DEEN I, NABI M, ISMAIL M, 1989 Antiinflamatory activity of some Iraqi plants using intact rats. J Ethnopharmacol 26(2):163-168. 27 LESLIE G, SALMON G, 1979 Repeated dose toxicity studies and reproductive studies on nine bio-strath herbal remedies. Swiss Med 1(1/2):1-3. 28 BENNER MH, LEE HJ, 1973 Anaphylactic reaction to chamomille tea. J Allergy Clin Immunol 52(5):307-308. 29 LEWIS R, TATKEN R, (Eds.), 1980 Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances. Vol. 1. Cincinnati, USA: Nat. Instit. Occupational Health. 30 OPDYKE D, 1974 Monographs on fragrance raw materials. Chamomile oil German and Roman. Food Cosmet Toxicol 12(Suppl.):851-853. 31 ANON (Select Committee on GRAS Substances), 1976 GRAS status of foods and food additives. Washington, USA: Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Federal Register National Archives and Records Administration 41, 38644. 32 WICHTL M, 1994 Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm GmbH Scientific Publisher. 33 GIRON L, CACERES A, FREIRE V, ALONZO A, SALVADOR L, 1995 Folleto informativo sobre algunas plantas medicinales comúnmente utilizadas por la población Garifuna de Livingston. Guatemala, Guatemala: Programa TRAMIL-Centroamérica/enda-caribe/CONAPLAMED/FARMAYA/CIID. p37. 34 MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2005 Clases tóxicas agudas (CTA) de decocción de flor seca de Matricaria recutita L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 35 LOPEZ M, MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FERRADA C, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de una decocción de flor seca de Matricaria recutita L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Cerro, C. Habana, Cuba. 36 GarcIa-GONZÁLEZ M, BolaÑos An, arguedas cr, 2005 Efecto analgésico en ratas, por vía oral,del extracto acuoso (decocción) de la planta entera sin flor de Matricaria recutita dosis única. Informe TRAMIL.PRONAPLAMED. Depto de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 37 GarcIa-GONZÁLEZ M, Arguedas R, y Fernández A, 2005 Efecto antiinflamatorio en ratas, por vía oral, del extracto acuoso (decocción) de la planta entera sin flor de Matricaria recutita dosis única. Informe TRAMIL.PRONAPLAMED. Depto de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. |
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Mentha sp.(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, infusion, orally2 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for diarrhea, stomach pain, flatulence, indigestion, flu, common cold and vomiting is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should the diarrhea or stomach pain last more than 3 days in adults or 2 days in children older than 3, or should vomiting persist for more than 2 days, seek medical attention. For diarrhea, the use of this resource can be considered complementary to oral re-hydration therapy. Do not ingest in case of adverse gall bladder conditions or stones7. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. |
The leaf of Mentha spicata is widely used for human consumption andMentha piperita is an industrial source of essential oil. For stomach ache: Prepare an infusion adding 250 mL (1 cup) of boiling water to 1.5-3 grams (1 spoonful of dried leaf. Cover pot, let it settle for 5-10 minutes, and filter. For diarrhea, flatulence, indigestion, flu, common cold and vomiting: Prepare a decoction or infusion with 1.5-3 grams (1 spoonful) of dried leaf in 250 mL (1 cup) of water. In the case of a decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot; for infusion, add boiling water to 3 grams of dried leaf, cover, leave to cool down for 5-10 minutes, and filter. In all cases, drink 2-4 cups a day when required by symptomatic indication32-33. |
1 DELENS M, 1990-92 Encuesta TRAMIL. Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular CESAP, Caracas, Venezuela. 2 CARBALLO A, 1990 Encuesta TRAMIL. Centro de investigación de fitoterapia y medicina tradicional de Topes de Collantes, Trinidad, Cuba. 3 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 4 EDOUARD JA, 1992 Enquête TRAMIL. Lycée agricole, Baie-Mahault, Guadeloupe. 5 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 6 SOLIS P, CORREA M, GUPTA M, 1995 Encuesta TRAMIL (Comunidades afro-caribeñas). Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña CIFLORPAN, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá. 7 CANIGUERAL S, VILA R, RISCO E, PEREZ F, PORTILLO A, FREIXA B, MILO B, VANACLOCHA B, RIOS JL, MORALES MA, ALONSO JR, BACHILLER LI, PERIS JB, STUBING G, 2002 Mentha sp. Vademecum de Fitoterapia, Editorial Masson, Barcelona, España, Nov. 20, 2003. URL: http://www.masson.es/book/fitoterapia.html 8 TAYLOR BA, DUTHIE HL, LUSCOMBE DK, 1985 Mechanism by which peppermint oil exerts its relaxant effect on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. J Pharm Pharmacol 37(Suppl):104. 9 GUEDON DJ, PASQUIER BP, 1994 Analysis and distribution of flavonoid glycosides and rosmarinic acid in 40 Mentha xpiperita clones. J Agr Food Chem 42(3):679-684. 10 HERRMANN EC, KUCERA LS, 1967 Antiviral substances in plants of the mint family (Labiatae). 3. Peppermint (Mentha piperita) and other mint plants. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 124(3):874-878. 11 KIUCHI F, NAKAMURA N, MIYASHITA N, NISHIZAWA S, TSUDA Y, KONDO K, 1989 Nematocidal activity of some anthelmintic traditional medicines and spices by a new assay method using larvae of Toxocara canis. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 43(4):279-287. 12 LESLIE GB, 1978 A pharmacometric evaluation of nine bio-strath herbal remedies. Medita 8(10):3-19. 13 DELLA LOGGIA R, TUBARO A, LUNDER TL, 1990 Evaluation of some pharmacological activities of a peppermint extract. Fitoterapia 61(3):215-221. 14 DELLA LOGGIA R, TUBARO A, REDAELLI C, 1981 Valutazione dell'attività sul S.N.C. del topo di alcuni estratti vegetali e di una loro associazione. (Evaluation of the activity on the mouse CNS of several plant extracts and a combination of them). Rivista di Neurologia 51(5):297-310. 15 COSTA M, DI STASI LC, KIRIZAWA M, MENDACOLLI SL, GOMES C, TROLIN G, 1989 Screening in mice of some medicinal plants used for analgesic purposes in the state of Sao Paulo. Part II. J Ethnopharmacol 27(1-2):25-33. 16 ROSS S, EL-KELTAWI N, MEGALLA S, 1980 Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian aromatic plants. Fitoterapia 51:201-205. 17 SCORTICHINI M, ROSSI M, 1989 In vitro activity of some essential oils toward Erwinia amylovora (Burril) Winslow. Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hung 24(3/4):421-431. 18 RAI MK, UPADHYAY S, 1988 Laboratory evaluation of essential oil of Mentha piperita Linn. against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Hindustan Antibiot Bull 30(3-4):82-84. 19 HARRIES N, JAMES KC, PUGH WK, 1978 Antifoaming and carminative actions of volatile oils. J Clin Pharmacol 2:171-177. 20 TADDEI I, GIACHETTI D, TADDEI E, MANTOVANI P, BIANCHI E, 1988 Spasmolytic activity of peppermint, sage and rosemary essences and their major constituents. Fitoterapia 59(6):463-468. 21 MELZIG M, TEUSCHER E, 1991 Investigations of the influence of essential oils and their main components on the adenosine uptake by cultivated endothelial cells. Planta Med 57(1):41-42. 22 LAM L, ZHENG B, 1991 Effects of essential oils on glutathione S-transferase activity in mice. J Agr Food Chem 39(4):660-662. 23 BRIGGS C, 1993 Peppermint: medicinal herb and flavouring agent. Can Pharmaceutical J 126(2):89-92. 24 DALVI SS, NADKARNI PM, PARDESI R, GUPTA KC, 1991 Effect of peppermint oil on gastric emptying in man: A preliminary study using a radiolabelled solid test meal. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 35(3):212-214. 25 MAY B, KUNTZ HD, KIESER M, KOHLER S, 1996 Efficacy of a fixed peppermint oil/caraway oil combination in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Arzneimittel Forschung [Drug Research] 46(12):1149-1153. 26 BEZIAT M, 1983 Toxicité d'huiles essentielles. Thèse Pharmacie, Montpellier, France. 27 CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 2002 Food and drugs. Chapter I - Food and Drug administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Part 182 - Substances generally recognized as safe. Sec. 182.10. Spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings. U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access, USA. 21(3):451-452. Feb. 24, 2003, URL: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CF... 28 VIZOSO A, RAMOS A, VILLAESCUSA A, DECALO M, BETANCOURT J, 1997 Estudio genotóxico in vitro e in vivo en tinturas de Melissa officinalis L. (toronjil) y Mentha piperita L. (toronjil de menta). Rev Cub Plantas Med 2(1):6-11. 29 MICROMEDEX T, 2003 Healthcare Series. Vol. 117. 9/2003 Thomson MICROMEDEX®. 30 BUDAVARI S (Ed.), 2001 The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemical, drugs, and biologicals. 30th ed. New Jersey, USA: Merck and Co., Inc. p1043-1044. 31 SIVASWAMY SM, BALACHANDRAN B, BALANEHRU S, SIVARAMAKRISHNAN VM, 1991 Mutagenic activity of south Indian food items. Indian J Exp Biol 29(8):730-737. 32 WICHTL M, 1999 Plantes thérapeutiques. Tec and Doc. p365. 33 ALONSO J, 1998 Tratado de fitomedicina: bases clínicas y farmacológicas. Buenos Aires, Argentina: ISIS ediciones SRL. p721. 34 MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Clases tóxicas agudas (CTA) de una decocción de hoja fresca de Mentha nemorosa Willd.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 35 GUERRA MJ, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2002 Clases tóxicas agudas en rata de decocción (30%) de hojas secas de Mentha x piperita varcitrata (Ehrh.) Briq.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina Dr. Salvador Allende. Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. 36 GUERRA MJ, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, 2002 Toxicidad aguda (DL50) en ratón de la decocción de hojas secas de Mentha x piperita var citrata(Ehrh.) Briq.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina Dr. Salvador Allende. Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. 37 BALZ E, BOYER A, BURAUD M, 2007 Enquête TRAMIL à Marie-Galante. U. Bordeaux 3, U. Paris XI Chatenay-Malabry, UAG, Guadeloupe. 38 OCRISSE G, 2008 Enquête TRAMIL auprès de 250 familles de la moitié Est de la partie francophone de St Martin. Biologie végétale, UAG, Guadeloupe. |
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Ocimum basilicum(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, infusion, orally1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for stomach pain and vomiting is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. Use for earache is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)3 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Due to the health risks involved with earache, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. Use is contraindicated when there are secretions through the ear and / or eventual tympanum perforation. For application in the ear, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should earache or vomiting last more than 2 days or should stomach pain persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. |
The leaf of Ocimum basilicum is widely used for human consumption. For stomach pain and vomiting: Prepare an infusion: add 500 mL (2 cups) of boiling water to 5-7 grams (2 spoonfuls) of fresh leaf. Cover pot, leave to settle for 5-10 minutes, and filter. Drink 1 cup 3 times per day, or as needed depending on symptomatic condition24. For earache: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 2 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 3 WHO, 1991 Guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines. WHO/TRM/91.4. Programme on Traditional Medicines, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 4 BUCH JG, DIKSHIT RK, MANSURI SM, 1988 Effect of certain volatile oils on ejaculated human spermatozoa. Indian J Med Res 87(4):361-363. 5 RODRIGUES R, ODETE L, 1991 Composition of the Ocimum basilicum oil. Bol Fac Farm Coimbra 15(1):47-51. 6 SKALTSA H, PHILIANOS S, 1990 Contribution to the chemical study of Ocimum basilicum L.: 2nd communication. Plant Med Phytother 24(3):193-196. 7 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p114. 8 QUEIROZ I, REIS S, 1989 Antispasmodic and analgesic effects of some medicinal plants (conference). Brasil: Simpósio Brasil-China de Química e Farmacologia de Produtos Naturais, Abstr. Nº 180. 9 AKHTAR MS, MUNIR M, 1989 Evaluation of the gastric antiulcerogenic effects of Solanum nigrum, Brassica oleracea and Ocimum basilicum in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 27(1/2):163-176. 10 AKHTAR MSA, AKHTAR AH, KHAN A, 1992 Antiulcerogenic effects ofOcimum basilicum extracts, volatile oils and flavonoid glycosides in albino rats. Int J Pharmacognosy 30(2):97-104. 11 DUBE S, UPADHYAY PD, TRIPATHI SC, 1989 Antifungal, physicochemical, and insect-repelling activity of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum. Can J Bot 67(7):2085-2087. 12 JANSSEN AM, CHIN NL, SCHEFFER JJ, BAERHEIM-SVENDSEN A, 1986 Screening for antimicrobial activity of some essential oils by the agar overlay technique. Pharm Weekbl (Sci Ed) 8(6):289-292. 13 DIKSHIT A, HUSAIN A, 1984 Antifungal action of some essential oils against animal pathogens. Fitoterapia 55(3):171-176. 14 EL KELTAWI NEM, MEGALLA SE, ROSS S, 1980 Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian aromatic plants. Herbal Pol 26(4):245-250. 15 MARUZZELLA JC, SCRANDIS DA, SCRANDIS JB, GRABON G, 1960 Action of odoriferous organic chemicals and essential oils on wood-destroying fungi. Plant Dis Rept 44:789-792. 16 LAM L, ZHENG B, 1991 Effects of essential oils on glutathione S-transferase activity in mice. J Agric Food Chem 39(4):660-662. 17 REITER M, BRANDT W, 1985 Relaxant effects of terpenoid on tracheal and ileal smooth muscles of the guinea pig. Arzneim-Forsch 35(1):408-414. 18 HUSSAIN RA, POVEDA LJ, PEZZUTO JM, SOEJARTO DD, KINGHORN AD, 1990 Sweetening agents of plant origin: Phenylpropanoid constituents of seven sweet-tasting plants. Econ Bot 44(2):174-182. 19 GARCIA LOPEZ A, VIZOSO PARRA A, RAMOS RUIZ A, PILOTO J, 2000 Estudio toxicogenético de un extracto fluido de Ocimun basilicum L. (albahaca blanca). Rev Cubana Planta Med 5(3):78-83. 20 LOGARTO PARRA A, SILVA YHEBRA R, GUERRA SARDINAS I, IGLESIAS BUELA L, 2001 Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine 8(5):395-400. 21 DUKE JA, 1985 Handbook of medicinal herbs. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. 22 CANIGUERAL S, VILA R, RISCO E, PEREZ F, PORTILLO A, FREIXA B, MILO B, VANACLOCHA B, RIOS JL, MORALES MA, ALONSO JR, BACHILLER LI, PERIS JB, STUBING G, 2002 Albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.). Vademecum de Fitoterapia, Editorial Masson, Barcelona, España, Nov. 20, 2003. URL: http://www.masson.es/book/fitoterapia.html 23 LOPEZ M, MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FERRADA C, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de una decocción de partes aéreas frescas de Ocimum basilicum L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Cerro, C. Habana, Cuba. 24 POUSSET J, 1989 Plantes médicinales africaines. Paris, France: ACCT. |
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Senna occidentalis(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, infusion, orally4 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
Use for "bad blood" is part of the cultural tradition of our communities. It has not been listed in the TRAMIL classification. According to published and other information: Use of the leaf for skin conditions, headache, body ache, sorethroat, fever and jaundice, and use of the seed for sore and tinea are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Use of the leaf for stomach pain, of the seed for body ache and of the root for stomach pain, sorethroat and fever is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should fever persist for more than 2 days, jaundice or stomach pain for more than 3 days, or skin conditions for more than 5 days, seek medical attention. Due to the health risks involved with jaundice, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated. Not for use during pregnancy, lactation, or by children under 3 years old. |
For skin conditions: Wash injury with boiled water and soap. Thoroughly wash 30–50 grams of leaf (15-20 leaflets), mash and apply in sufficient quantity to affected area. Cover injury with dressing or clean cloth and replace 3-4 times a day. For stomach pain: Prepare a decoction with 15 grams of leaf (7-10 leaflets) and 15 grams of root in 1 liter (4 cups) of water, and boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. Filter, allow to cool down and drink 1 cup 3 times a day36. For headache, fever, jaundice, sorethroat and body ache: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 2 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 3 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 4 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 5 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 6 TIWARI RD, SINGH J, 1977 Anthraquinone pigments from Cassia occidentalis. Planta Med Suppl 32(4):375-377. 7 RAI PP, SHOK M, 1983 Anthraquinone glycosides from plant parts of Cassia occidentalis. Indian J Pharm Sci 45(2):87-88. 8 ANTON R, DUQUENOIS P, 1968 Contribution à l'étude chimique duCassia occidentalis L. Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 26(2):673-680. 9 TIWARI RD, SINGH J, 1977 Flavonoids from the leaves of Cassia occidentalis. Phytochemistry16(7):1107-1108. 10 MAJUMDAR SG, BASAK B, LASKAR S, 1987 Surface hydrocarbons from the leaves of some Cassia species. J Indian Chem Soc 64(4):259-260. 11 ALVES AC, 1964 Pharmacological study of the root of Cassia occidentalis. An Fac Farm Porto 24:65-119. 12 WADER GR, KUDAV NA, 1987 Chemical investigation ofCassia occidentalis Linn. with special reference to isolation of xanthones fromCassia spp. Indian J of Chemisitry 26(B7):703. 13 KUDAV NA, KULKARNI A, 1974 Chemical investigation on Cassia occidentalis. II. Isolation of islandicin, helminthosporine, xanthonin and NMR spectral studies of cassiollin and its derivatives. Indian J Chem 12:1042-1044. 14 LAL-JAWAHAR, GUPTA-PURAN-CHANDRA, 1973 Physcion and phytosterol from the roots of Cassia occidentalis. Phytochemistry 12(5):1186. 15 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, OCAMPO R, Pazos L, 2001 Tránsito intestinal en ratones, con extracto acuoso de raíz fresca de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 16 CACERES A, LOPEZ BR, GIRON MA, LOGEMANN H, 1991 Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 31(3):263-276. 17 CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1995 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 48(2):85-88. 18 PEREZ C, SUAREZ C, 1997 Antifungal activity of plant extracts against Candida albicans. Amer J Chinese Med 25(2):181-184. 19 HUSSAIN HS, DEENI YY, 1991 Plants in Kano ethomedicine; screening for antimicrobial activity and alkaloids. Int J Pharmacog 29(1):51-56. 20 SCHMEDA-HIRSCHMANN G, ROJAS DE ARIAS A, 1992 A screening method for natural products on triatomine bugs. Phytother Res 6(2):68-73. 21 TONA L, NGIMBI NP, TSAKALA M, MESIA K, CIMANGA K, ASPERS S, DE BRUYNE T, PIETERS L, TOTTE J, VLIETINCK AJ, 1999 Antimalarial activity of 20 crude extracts from nine African medicinal plants used in Kinshasa, Congo. J Ethnopharmacol 68(1/3):193-203. 22 SADIQUE J, CHANDRA T, THENMOZHI V, ELANGO V, 1987 Biochemical modes of action ofCassia occidentalis and Cardiospermum halicacabum in inflammation. J Ethnopharmacol 19(2):201-212. 23 SARAF S, DIXIT VK, TRIPATHI SC, PATNAIK GK, 1994 Antihepatotoxic activity of Cassia occidentalis. Int J Pharmacog 32(2):178-183. 24 JAFRI MA, JALIS SUBHANI M, JAVED K, SINGH S, 1999 Hepatoprotective activity of leaves of Cassia occidentalis against paracetamol and ethyl alcohol intoxication in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 66(3):355-361. 25 FENG PC, HAYNES LJ, MAGNUS KE, PLIMMER JR, SHERRAT HS, 1962 Pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants. J Pharm Pharmacol 14:556-561. 26 Garcia GM, Coto MT, Gonzalez CS, Pazos L, 1998 Toxicidad sub-crónica en ratones, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 27 Garcia GM, Coto MT, Gonzalez CS, Pazos L, 1998 Toxicidad sub-crónica en ratones, del extracto acuoso de raíz frescas de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 28 GONZALEZ A, ALFONSO H, 1990 Evaluación de la toxicidad dérmica deMomordica charantia L. yCassia occidentalis L. en conejo y cobayo. Informe TRAMIL. Centro Nacional de Salud Animal, La Habana, Cuba. 29 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2003 Estudio de irritabilidad dérmica, en piel lesionada de conejo, de hoja fresca de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 30 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2003 Irritabilidad de la mucosa en conejo, de raíz fresca de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 31 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2003 Irritabilidad de la mucosa en conejo, de semillas frescas de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 32 O'HARA P, PIERCE K, 1974 A toxic cardiomyopathy caused byCassia occidentalis. II Biochemical studies in poisoned rabbits. Vet Pathol 11(2):110-124. 33 COLVIN BM, HARRISON LR, SANGSTER LT, GOSSER HS, 1986 Cassia occidentalis toxicosis in growing pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189(4):423-426. 34 MARTINS E, MARTINS VM, RIET-CORREA F, SONCINI RA, PARABONI SV, 1986 Intoxicação por Cassia occidentalis (Leguminosae) em suínos. Pesq Vet Bras 6(2):35-38. 35BARTH AT, KOMMERS GO, SALLES MS, WOUTERS F, DE BARROS CS, 1994 Coffee senna (Senna occidentalis) poisoning in cattle in Brazil. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(6):541-545. 36 ALBORNOZ A, 1993 Medicina Tradicional Herbaria. Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Instituto Farmacoterápico Latino S.A. p174. |
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Senna occidentalis(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys root and leaf, mashed, decoction, orally3 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
Use for "bad blood" is part of the cultural tradition of our communities. It has not been listed in the TRAMIL classification. According to published and other information: Use of the leaf for skin conditions, headache, body ache, sorethroat, fever and jaundice, and use of the seed for sore and tinea are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Use of the leaf for stomach pain, of the seed for body ache and of the root for stomach pain, sorethroat and fever is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should fever persist for more than 2 days, jaundice or stomach pain for more than 3 days, or skin conditions for more than 5 days, seek medical attention. Due to the health risks involved with jaundice, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated. Not for use during pregnancy, lactation, or by children under 3 years old. |
For skin conditions: Wash injury with boiled water and soap. Thoroughly wash 30–50 grams of leaf (15-20 leaflets), mash and apply in sufficient quantity to affected area. Cover injury with dressing or clean cloth and replace 3-4 times a day. For stomach pain: Prepare a decoction with 15 grams of leaf (7-10 leaflets) and 15 grams of root in 1 liter (4 cups) of water, and boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. Filter, allow to cool down and drink 1 cup 3 times a day36. For headache, fever, jaundice, sorethroat and body ache: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 2 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 3 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 4 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 5 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 6 TIWARI RD, SINGH J, 1977 Anthraquinone pigments from Cassia occidentalis. Planta Med Suppl 32(4):375-377. 7 RAI PP, SHOK M, 1983 Anthraquinone glycosides from plant parts of Cassia occidentalis. Indian J Pharm Sci 45(2):87-88. 8 ANTON R, DUQUENOIS P, 1968 Contribution à l'étude chimique duCassia occidentalis L. Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 26(2):673-680. 9 TIWARI RD, SINGH J, 1977 Flavonoids from the leaves of Cassia occidentalis. Phytochemistry16(7):1107-1108. 10 MAJUMDAR SG, BASAK B, LASKAR S, 1987 Surface hydrocarbons from the leaves of some Cassia species. J Indian Chem Soc 64(4):259-260. 11 ALVES AC, 1964 Pharmacological study of the root of Cassia occidentalis. An Fac Farm Porto 24:65-119. 12 WADER GR, KUDAV NA, 1987 Chemical investigation ofCassia occidentalis Linn. with special reference to isolation of xanthones fromCassia spp. Indian J of Chemisitry 26(B7):703. 13 KUDAV NA, KULKARNI A, 1974 Chemical investigation on Cassia occidentalis. II. Isolation of islandicin, helminthosporine, xanthonin and NMR spectral studies of cassiollin and its derivatives. Indian J Chem 12:1042-1044. 14 LAL-JAWAHAR, GUPTA-PURAN-CHANDRA, 1973 Physcion and phytosterol from the roots of Cassia occidentalis. Phytochemistry 12(5):1186. 15 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, OCAMPO R, Pazos L, 2001 Tránsito intestinal en ratones, con extracto acuoso de raíz fresca de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 16 CACERES A, LOPEZ BR, GIRON MA, LOGEMANN H, 1991 Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 31(3):263-276. 17 CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1995 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 48(2):85-88. 18 PEREZ C, SUAREZ C, 1997 Antifungal activity of plant extracts against Candida albicans. Amer J Chinese Med 25(2):181-184. 19 HUSSAIN HS, DEENI YY, 1991 Plants in Kano ethomedicine; screening for antimicrobial activity and alkaloids. Int J Pharmacog 29(1):51-56. 20 SCHMEDA-HIRSCHMANN G, ROJAS DE ARIAS A, 1992 A screening method for natural products on triatomine bugs. Phytother Res 6(2):68-73. 21 TONA L, NGIMBI NP, TSAKALA M, MESIA K, CIMANGA K, ASPERS S, DE BRUYNE T, PIETERS L, TOTTE J, VLIETINCK AJ, 1999 Antimalarial activity of 20 crude extracts from nine African medicinal plants used in Kinshasa, Congo. J Ethnopharmacol 68(1/3):193-203. 22 SADIQUE J, CHANDRA T, THENMOZHI V, ELANGO V, 1987 Biochemical modes of action ofCassia occidentalis and Cardiospermum halicacabum in inflammation. J Ethnopharmacol 19(2):201-212. 23 SARAF S, DIXIT VK, TRIPATHI SC, PATNAIK GK, 1994 Antihepatotoxic activity of Cassia occidentalis. Int J Pharmacog 32(2):178-183. 24 JAFRI MA, JALIS SUBHANI M, JAVED K, SINGH S, 1999 Hepatoprotective activity of leaves of Cassia occidentalis against paracetamol and ethyl alcohol intoxication in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 66(3):355-361. 25 FENG PC, HAYNES LJ, MAGNUS KE, PLIMMER JR, SHERRAT HS, 1962 Pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants. J Pharm Pharmacol 14:556-561. 26 Garcia GM, Coto MT, Gonzalez CS, Pazos L, 1998 Toxicidad sub-crónica en ratones, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 27 Garcia GM, Coto MT, Gonzalez CS, Pazos L, 1998 Toxicidad sub-crónica en ratones, del extracto acuoso de raíz frescas de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 28 GONZALEZ A, ALFONSO H, 1990 Evaluación de la toxicidad dérmica deMomordica charantia L. yCassia occidentalis L. en conejo y cobayo. Informe TRAMIL. Centro Nacional de Salud Animal, La Habana, Cuba. 29 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2003 Estudio de irritabilidad dérmica, en piel lesionada de conejo, de hoja fresca de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 30 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2003 Irritabilidad de la mucosa en conejo, de raíz fresca de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 31 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2003 Irritabilidad de la mucosa en conejo, de semillas frescas de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 32 O'HARA P, PIERCE K, 1974 A toxic cardiomyopathy caused byCassia occidentalis. II Biochemical studies in poisoned rabbits. Vet Pathol 11(2):110-124. 33 COLVIN BM, HARRISON LR, SANGSTER LT, GOSSER HS, 1986 Cassia occidentalis toxicosis in growing pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189(4):423-426. 34 MARTINS E, MARTINS VM, RIET-CORREA F, SONCINI RA, PARABONI SV, 1986 Intoxicação por Cassia occidentalis (Leguminosae) em suínos. Pesq Vet Bras 6(2):35-38. 35BARTH AT, KOMMERS GO, SALLES MS, WOUTERS F, DE BARROS CS, 1994 Coffee senna (Senna occidentalis) poisoning in cattle in Brazil. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(6):541-545. 36 ALBORNOZ A, 1993 Medicina Tradicional Herbaria. Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Instituto Farmacoterápico Latino S.A. p174. |
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Tagetes lucida(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf and flower, infusion, orally1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for stomach pain is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should symptoms persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, lactation, or by children under 3 years old. |
For stomach pain: Add 1/2 liter (2 cups) of boiling water to 6 grams of leaves and flowers. Cover pot, leave to settle for 5-10 minutes and filter. Drink 1 cup 3 times a day after meals19. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 2 HETHELYI E, DINOS B, TETENYI P, 1986 Analysis of essential oils of someTagetes species. In progress in essential oil research. Berlin, RFA: GC/MS Walter de Gruyter, p131-137. 3 ABDALA LR, 1999 Flavonoids of the aerial parts from Tagetes lucida (Asteraceae). Biochem Syst Ecol 27(7):753-754. 4 GLASBY JS, 1991 Dictionary of plants containing secondary metabolites. London, England: Taylor & Francis. 5 RODRIGUEZ E, MABRY TJ, 1977 Tagetae chemical review. In Heywood VH, Harborne JB, Turner BL, Eds. The biology and chemistry of the Compositae, Vol. II, 785-797. New York: Academic Press. 6 LAFERRIERE JE, WEBER CW, KOHLHEPP EA, 1991 Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 41(3):277-282. 7 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press, p156. 8 CACERES A, SARAVIA A, JAUREGUI E, AGUIRRE I, 1992 Actividad antiinflamatoria de plantas medicinales de uso popular en Guatemala (I). Informe TRAMIL. Cuadernos de la Dirección General de Investigación, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. 9 SALGUERO IE, 1989 Estudio farmacológico de Tagetes lucida (pericón) (Tesis Mag. Sc). Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. 10 CAMBAR P, COUSIN L, SANTOS A, ALGER J, MENDOZA M, 1984 Efectos de los extractos de algunas plantas medicinales de Honduras sobre la motilidad intestinalin vitro. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Dirección de Investigación Científica. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 11 CACERES A, FLETES L, AGUILAR L, RAMIREZ O, FIGUEROA L, TARACENA AM, SAMAYOA B, 1993 Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 3. Confirmation of activity against enterobacteria of 16 plants. J Ethnopharmacol 38(1):31-38. 12 MENDEZ A, 1991 Evaluación de la actividad anti-Candida albicans in vitro de diez plantas de uso medicinal en Guatemala (Tesis Mag. Sc). Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. 13 SIDDIQUI MA, ALAM MM, 1987 Control of phytonematodes by mix-culture of Tagetes lucida. Indian J Plant Pathol 5(1):73-78. 14 SIDDIQUI MA, ALAM MM, 1989 Toxicity of different plant parts of Tagetes lucida to plant parasitic nematodes. Indian J Nematol 18(2):181-185. 15 DUKE JA, 1992 Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their bioactivities. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. 16 SARAVIA A, 1992 Estudios sobre plantas TRAMIL. Departamento de farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. TRAMIL VI, Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, UAG/enda-caribe. 17 CHAN GFQ, Lee MM, Glushka J, Towers GHN, 1979 Photosensitizing thiophenes in Porophyllum, Tessaria and Tagetes. Phytochemistry 18(9):1566. 18 MORTON J, 1981 Atlas of medicinal plants of Middle America: Bahamas to Yucatan. Springfield, USA: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. 19 GIRON L, CACERES A, FREIRE V, ALONZO A, SALVADOR L, 1995 Folleto informativo sobre algunas plantas comúnmente utilizadas por la población Garífuna de Livingston, Guatemala, Guatemala, p41. 20 CACERES A, LOPEZ B, GONZALEZ S, BERGER I, TADA I, MAKI J, 1998 Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections. I. Screening of activity to bacteria, fungi and American trypanosomes of 13 native plants. J of Ethnopharmacology 62(3):195-202. |
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Tanacetum parthenium(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, infusion, orally2 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Uses for stomach pain are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)3 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should symptoms persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Due to the risks of interaction with anticoagulants, the leaf decoction should not be ingested by patients treated with anticoagulants4. Not for use by pregnant women as it may cause abortion. Not for use during lactation, or by children under 5 years old. |
This plant is used as aperitif19. For stomach pain: Add 250 mL of boiling water to 3 grams of leaf and fresh flowers. Cover pot, leave to settle for 5-10 minutes and filter. Drink 1 cup 3 times a day21. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. The herb is not good-tasting and has some adverse effects. The recommendation is to take only occasionally, using standardized products4. |
2 GIRON L, 1988 3 WHO, 1991 4 ALONSO JR, 1998 5 WILLIAMS CA, HOULT JRS, HARBORNE JB, GREENHAM J, EAGLES J, 1995 6 DOLMAN DM, KNIGHT DW, SALAN U, TOPLIS D, 1992 7 BARSBY RW, SALAN U, KNIGHT DW, HOULT JR, 1993 8 WAGNER H, FESSLER B, LOTTER H, WRAY V, 1988 9 BEGLEY MJ, HEWLETT MJ, KNIGHT D, 1989 10 SCHULTZ BI, BANTHORPE DV, BROWN GD, JANES JF, MARR IM, 1990 11 PLOUVIER V, 1985 12 LOESCHE W, GROENEWEGEN WA, KRAUSE S, SPANGENBERG P, HEPTINSTALL S, 1988 13 HEPTINSTALL S, GROENEWEGEN WA, SPANGENBERG P, LOSCHE W, 1988 14 GROENEWEGEN WA HEPTINSTALL S, 1990 15 BHAKUNI DS, BITTNER M, MARTICORENA C, SILVA M, WELDT E, MELO ME, ZEMELMAN R, 1974 16 CACERES A, SAMAYOA B, 1989 17 BALDWIN CA, ANDERSON LA, PHILLIPSON JD, 1987 18 ANON, 1994 19 ANON, 1996 20 Newall C, Anderson L, PhillIpson D, 1996 21 GIRON L, CACERES A, FREIRE V, ALONZO A, SALVADOR L, 1995 |
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Zingiber officinale(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys rhizome, decoction, orally3,7 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Uses for catarrh, flu, cold, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, flatulence and indigestion are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. Uses for asthma, cough and whooping cough are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)13 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should stomach pain, fever or vomiting persist for more than 2 days, seek medical attention. Due to the health risks involved with whooping cough, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment. Not for use during lactation or by children under 6 years old14. Ginger may increase bioavailability of sulfaguanidine by maximizing its absorption. Patients who are receiving oral anticoagulants or anti-platelet aggregation treatments should seek the advice of their physician before taking any ginger preparations, due to increased risks of hemorrhage. It is recommended that patients with gallstones seek the advice of their physician before taking any ginger preparations15. |
The rhizome of Zingiber officinale is widely used for human consumption and is an industrial source of essential oil. According to ESCOP, ginger rhizome has been prescribed for the prevention of nausea and vomiting resulting from motion sickness (sea sickness) and as a post-surgical anti-emetic in minor surgeries. The effectiveness of both indications has been confirmed by clinical assays. The indications approved by Commission E are: dyspepsia and prevention of the gastrointestinal symptoms of motion sickness68. For asthma, catarrh, flu, cold, stomach pain, fever, indigestion, cough, whooping cough, vomiting and flatulence: Prepare a decoction with 5 grams of fresh rhizome in 250 mL (1 cup) of water. Boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot, leave to cool down and drink 2 to 4 times a day. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 DELENS M, 1990 Encuesta TRAMIL en Barlovento, Edo. Miranda de Venezuela. Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular CESAP, Caracas, Venezuela. 2 BENEDETTI MD, 1994 Encuesta TRAMIL. Universidad de Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. 3 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 4 DELENS M, 1992 Encuesta TRAMIL en los Estados Lara y Sucre de Venezuela. Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular CESAP, Caracas, Venezuela. 5 OCAMPO R, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica), Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. 6 O'REILLY A, WILSON V, PHILLIP M, JOSEPH O, 1992 TRAMIL survey. Chemistry and Food Technology Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Dunbars, Antigua and Barbuda. 7 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 8 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 9 JEAN-PIERRE L, 1988 TRAMIL survey. St. Lucia national herbarium, Castries, St. Lucia. 10 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 11 FAUJOUR A, MURREY D, CHELTENHAM-CORBIN B, CARRINGTON S, 2003 TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA & UAG, Saint Thomas, Barbados. 12 BALLAND V, GLASGOW A, SPRINGER F, GAYMES G, 2004 TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA, UAG & U.PARIS XI, Saint Vincent. 13 WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 14 WHO, 1999 Rhizoma zingiberis. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, Volume I. WHO: Geneva, Switzerland. p284. 15 CANIGUERAL S, 2003 Zingiber officinalis. Vademecum de Fitoterapia, Editorial Masson, Barcelona, España, Jul. 30, 2003. 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