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Bryophyllum pinnatum(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, worn as an amulet around the neck7 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
The use as an amulet against vomiting is a traditional cultural use and is not classified in the TRAMIL program. According to published and other information: Use for cough is categorized as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. Uses for headache and cold are categorized as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, validation, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should the cold last more than 2 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or in children. |
For topical use for headache and oral use for cold and cough: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 WENIGER B, 1987-88 2 GIRÓN L, 1988 3 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 4 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 5 OCAMPO R, 1988 6 PINZON M, 1994 7 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 8 WENIGER B, SAVARY H, DAGUIHL R, 1984 9 GAIND KN, GUPTA RL, 1971 10 GAIND KN, GUPTA RL, 1973 11 YAMAGISHI T, YAN X, WU R, MC PHAIL D, MC PHAIL A, LEE K, 1988 12 YAN,XZ: LEE,KS: YAMAGISHI,T, 1992 13 AKIHISA T, KOKKE W, TAMURA T, MATSUMOTO T, 1991 14 GAIND KN, GUPTA RL, 1972 15 SIDDIQUI S, FAIZI S, SIDDIQUI B, SULTANA N, 1989 16 BULEN WA, VARNER JE, BURRELL RC, 1952 17 PAL S, SEN T, CHAUDHURI AK, 1999 18 MORAES V, COSTA S, BERGMANN R, 1992 19 OBASEIKI-EBOR EE, 1985 20 SINGH K, PATHAK R, 1984 21 NAOVI S, KHAN M, VOHORA S, 1991 22 HEMA D, TIDJANI M, BASSENE E, POUSSET JL, GIONO-BARBER H, 1986 23 FENG P, HAYNES L, MAGNUS K, PLIMMER J, SHERRAT H, 1962 24 ANDRONOVA L, 1972 25 BERSHTEJN E, 1972 26SVANIDZE N, LANOVENKLY V, SÁNCHEZ A, RODRÍGUEZ P, 1975 27 YAMAGISHI T, HARUNA M, YAN XZ, CHANG JJ, LEE KH, 1989 28 BOAKYE-YIADOM K, 1977 29 PERRY LM, METZGER J, 1980 30 DUKE JA, 1992 31 DUKE JA, 1992 32 OLIVER B, 1960 33 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZÁLEZ S, 2003 34 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZÁLEZ S, 2003 35 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZÁLEZ S, 2003 36 YOKEL R, OGZEWALLA CD, 1981 37 BHAKUNI O, DHAR ML, DHAR MM, DHAWAN BN, MEHROTRA BN, 1969 38 PAL S, SEN T, CHAUDHURI AKN,1999 39 REPPAS GP, 1995 40 MCKENZIE RA, FRANKE FP, DUNSTER PJ, 1987 |
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Cinnamomum verum(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys bark (splinters), decoction, orally2-3 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for diarrhea and vomiting is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on published scientific information available. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should diarrhoea last more than 3 days in adult or 2 days in children older than 3, or should vomiting persist for more than 2 days, seek medical attention. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to oral re-hydration therapy. Avoid ingestion if the following conditions are present: gastroduodenal ulcer or gastritis; allergy to the plant. In the event of accidental poisoning by ingestion of essential oil or of preparations containing essential oil, medical attention is required. Not for use by women during pregnancy, or while breast feeding or by children under 3 years of age. Not for use for more than three consecutive days. |
The bark (powdered or fragmented) of Cinnamomum verum is widely used for human consumption. For diarrhea and vomiting: Prepare a decoction with 3 grams of bark fragments in 1/2 liter (2 cups) of water, boil for 10 minutes minimum in a covered pot. Leave to cool down, and drink 1 cup twice a day. The daily dose average of bark for adults is 2 to 4 grams28.
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1 CHARLES C, 1988 2 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 3 GERMOSÉN-ROBINEAU L, GERÓNIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 4 LEUNG A, 1980 5 NAMBA T, KIKUCHI T, MIKAGE M, KADOTA S, KOMATZU K, SHMIZU M, TOMIMORI T, 1987 6 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 7 RAJ RK, 1975 8 ATTA AH, ALKOFALI A, 1998 9 SHARMA A, GHANEKAR AS, PADWAL-DESAI SR, NADKARNI GB, 1984 10 GEORGE M, PETALAI K, 1949 11 NAMBA T, SAWA K, GEWALI MB, HATTORI M, NARUSE Y, KAGAMIMORI S, 1989 12 KIUCHI F, NAKAMURA N, MIYASHITA N, NISHIZAWA S, TSUDA Y, KONDO K, 1989 13 SUGAYA E, ISHIGE A, SEKIGUCHI K, IIZUKA S, SUGIMOTO A, YUZURIHARA M, HOSOYA E, 1988 14 SUGAYA E, ISHIGE A, SEKIGUCHI K, IIZUKA S, ITO K, SUGIMOTO A, ABURANDA M, HOSOYA E, 1988 15 RAHARIVELOMANANA PJ, TERROM GP, BIANCHINI JP, COULANGES P, 1989 16 REITER M, BRANDT W, 1985 17 SUGAYA E, TSUDA T, SUGAYA E, USAMI M, TAKAMURA K, 1979 18 HARRIES N, JAMES KC, PUGH WK, 1978 19 WAGNER H, WIERER M, BAUER R, 1986 20 GUPTA M, 1987 21 SIVASWAMY SN, BALACHANDRAN B, BALANEHRU S, SIVARAMAKRISHNAN VM, 1991 22 UNGSURUNGSIE M, SUTHIENKUL O, PAOVALO C, 1982 23 UNGSURUNGSIE M, PAOVALO C, NAOANI A, 1984 24 SHAH AH, AL-SHARCEF AH, AGEEL AM, QURESHI S, 1998 25 SÁNCHEZ-PALOMERA E, 1951 26 SEETHARAM K, PASRICHA J, 1987 27 STAGER J, WUTHRICH B, JOHANSSON S, 1991 28 World Health Organization, 1999 29 GARCÍA-GONZÁLEZ M, BARBOZA CJ, 2005 |
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Eryngium foetidum(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, decoction or infusion, orally5 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for fever is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information. Use for flatulence, flue, vomiting, chest pain and attacks, palpitations and tiredness is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)4 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should fever or vomiting last more than 2 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 3 years old. |
The leaf ofEryngium foetidum is widely used for human consumption. For fever, flatulence, flu and vomiting: Prepare a decoction or infusion with 20-30 grams (2-3 spoonfuls) of leaf in 1L (4 cups) of water. For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. For infusion, add boiling water to 20-30 grams (2-3 spoonfuls) of leaf, cover and leave to cool down. Filter and drink 1 cup (250 mL) 3 times a day. For chest pain and attacks, palpitations and tiredness: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. |
1 OCAMPO R, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica), Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. 2 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 3 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 4LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-1995 Encuestas TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 5 WENIGER B, 1987-88 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 6 WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 7 FORGACS P, JACQUEMIN H, MORETTI C, PROVOST J, TOUCHE A, 1983 Etude phytochimique et activités biologiques de 18 plantes de la Guyane Française. Plantes Médicinales Phytothér 17(1):22-32. 8 WONG K, FENG M, SAM T, TAN G, 1994 Composition of the leaf and root oils of Eryngium foetidum L. J Essent Oil Res 6(4):369-374. 9 MUNSELL H, Williams LO, Guild LP, Troescher CB, Nightingale G, Harris RS, 1950 Composition of food plants of Central America. IV: El Salvador. Food Res15(4):263-296. 10 ARBAIN D, CANNON JR, AFRIASTINI, KARTAWINATA K, DJAMAL R, BUSTARI A, DHARMA A, ROSMAWATY RIVAI H, ZAHERMAN, BASIR D, SJAFAR M, SJAIFUL, NAWFA R, KOSELA S, 1989 Survey of some West Sumatran plants for alkaloids. Econ Bot43(1):73-78. 11 HERRERA J, 1992 Determinación de parámetros farmacológicos usados en medicina tradicional popular en la Cuenca del Caribe. Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 12 SARAVIA A, 1992 Estudios sobre plantas TRAMIL. Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala. 13 GARCIA D, SAENZ T, 1995 Toxicidad aguda de algunas plantas TRAMIL. Informe TRAMIL. Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España. 14 SIMON O, SINGH N, 1986 Demonstration of anticonvulsant properties of an aqueous extract of spirit weed (Eryngium foetidum). Wi Med J 35(2):121-125. 15 SAUVAIN M, 1989 Etude des plantes antiparasitaires du plancton des Guyanes en Amazonie: antipaludiques et antileishmanioses (Thèse de Doctorat).Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France. 16 CACERES A, SAMAYOA B, 1989 Tamizaje de la actividad antibacteriana de plantas usadas en Guatemala para el tratamiento de afecciones gastrointestinales. Guatemala, Guatemala: Dirección General de Investigaciones, Universidad de San Carlos (DIGI-USAC). 17 GARCIA GM, COTO MT, GONZÁLEZ CS, PAZOS L, 1996 Toxicidad sub-crónica, en ratones, del extracto acuoso de la planta entera de Eryngium foetidum. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 18 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, QUIROS S, 2004 Toxicidad oral, subcrónica en ratones, dosis repetidas, del extracto acuoso de planta entera de Eryngium foetidum. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 19 DELAIGUE J, 2005 TRAMIL survey. PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago. 20 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. |
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Mentha sp.(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, decoction (sometimes with salt) or infusion, orally1,5 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for diarrhea, stomach pain, flatulence, indigestion, flu, common cold and vomiting is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should the diarrhea or stomach pain last more than 3 days in adults or 2 days in children older than 3, or should vomiting persist for more than 2 days, seek medical attention. For diarrhea, the use of this resource can be considered complementary to oral re-hydration therapy. Do not ingest in case of adverse gall bladder conditions or stones7. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. |
The leaf of Mentha spicata is widely used for human consumption andMentha piperita is an industrial source of essential oil. For stomach ache: Prepare an infusion adding 250 mL (1 cup) of boiling water to 1.5-3 grams (1 spoonful of dried leaf. Cover pot, let it settle for 5-10 minutes, and filter. For diarrhea, flatulence, indigestion, flu, common cold and vomiting: Prepare a decoction or infusion with 1.5-3 grams (1 spoonful) of dried leaf in 250 mL (1 cup) of water. In the case of a decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot; for infusion, add boiling water to 3 grams of dried leaf, cover, leave to cool down for 5-10 minutes, and filter. In all cases, drink 2-4 cups a day when required by symptomatic indication32-33. |
1 DELENS M, 1990-92 Encuesta TRAMIL. Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular CESAP, Caracas, Venezuela. 2 CARBALLO A, 1990 Encuesta TRAMIL. Centro de investigación de fitoterapia y medicina tradicional de Topes de Collantes, Trinidad, Cuba. 3 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 4 EDOUARD JA, 1992 Enquête TRAMIL. Lycée agricole, Baie-Mahault, Guadeloupe. 5 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 6 SOLIS P, CORREA M, GUPTA M, 1995 Encuesta TRAMIL (Comunidades afro-caribeñas). Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña CIFLORPAN, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá. 7 CANIGUERAL S, VILA R, RISCO E, PEREZ F, PORTILLO A, FREIXA B, MILO B, VANACLOCHA B, RIOS JL, MORALES MA, ALONSO JR, BACHILLER LI, PERIS JB, STUBING G, 2002 Mentha sp. Vademecum de Fitoterapia, Editorial Masson, Barcelona, España, Nov. 20, 2003. URL: http://www.masson.es/book/fitoterapia.html 8 TAYLOR BA, DUTHIE HL, LUSCOMBE DK, 1985 Mechanism by which peppermint oil exerts its relaxant effect on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. J Pharm Pharmacol 37(Suppl):104. 9 GUEDON DJ, PASQUIER BP, 1994 Analysis and distribution of flavonoid glycosides and rosmarinic acid in 40 Mentha xpiperita clones. J Agr Food Chem 42(3):679-684. 10 HERRMANN EC, KUCERA LS, 1967 Antiviral substances in plants of the mint family (Labiatae). 3. Peppermint (Mentha piperita) and other mint plants. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 124(3):874-878. 11 KIUCHI F, NAKAMURA N, MIYASHITA N, NISHIZAWA S, TSUDA Y, KONDO K, 1989 Nematocidal activity of some anthelmintic traditional medicines and spices by a new assay method using larvae of Toxocara canis. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 43(4):279-287. 12 LESLIE GB, 1978 A pharmacometric evaluation of nine bio-strath herbal remedies. Medita 8(10):3-19. 13 DELLA LOGGIA R, TUBARO A, LUNDER TL, 1990 Evaluation of some pharmacological activities of a peppermint extract. Fitoterapia 61(3):215-221. 14 DELLA LOGGIA R, TUBARO A, REDAELLI C, 1981 Valutazione dell'attività sul S.N.C. del topo di alcuni estratti vegetali e di una loro associazione. (Evaluation of the activity on the mouse CNS of several plant extracts and a combination of them). Rivista di Neurologia 51(5):297-310. 15 COSTA M, DI STASI LC, KIRIZAWA M, MENDACOLLI SL, GOMES C, TROLIN G, 1989 Screening in mice of some medicinal plants used for analgesic purposes in the state of Sao Paulo. Part II. J Ethnopharmacol 27(1-2):25-33. 16 ROSS S, EL-KELTAWI N, MEGALLA S, 1980 Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian aromatic plants. Fitoterapia 51:201-205. 17 SCORTICHINI M, ROSSI M, 1989 In vitro activity of some essential oils toward Erwinia amylovora (Burril) Winslow. Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hung 24(3/4):421-431. 18 RAI MK, UPADHYAY S, 1988 Laboratory evaluation of essential oil of Mentha piperita Linn. against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Hindustan Antibiot Bull 30(3-4):82-84. 19 HARRIES N, JAMES KC, PUGH WK, 1978 Antifoaming and carminative actions of volatile oils. J Clin Pharmacol 2:171-177. 20 TADDEI I, GIACHETTI D, TADDEI E, MANTOVANI P, BIANCHI E, 1988 Spasmolytic activity of peppermint, sage and rosemary essences and their major constituents. Fitoterapia 59(6):463-468. 21 MELZIG M, TEUSCHER E, 1991 Investigations of the influence of essential oils and their main components on the adenosine uptake by cultivated endothelial cells. Planta Med 57(1):41-42. 22 LAM L, ZHENG B, 1991 Effects of essential oils on glutathione S-transferase activity in mice. J Agr Food Chem 39(4):660-662. 23 BRIGGS C, 1993 Peppermint: medicinal herb and flavouring agent. Can Pharmaceutical J 126(2):89-92. 24 DALVI SS, NADKARNI PM, PARDESI R, GUPTA KC, 1991 Effect of peppermint oil on gastric emptying in man: A preliminary study using a radiolabelled solid test meal. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 35(3):212-214. 25 MAY B, KUNTZ HD, KIESER M, KOHLER S, 1996 Efficacy of a fixed peppermint oil/caraway oil combination in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Arzneimittel Forschung [Drug Research] 46(12):1149-1153. 26 BEZIAT M, 1983 Toxicité d'huiles essentielles. Thèse Pharmacie, Montpellier, France. 27 CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 2002 Food and drugs. Chapter I - Food and Drug administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Part 182 - Substances generally recognized as safe. Sec. 182.10. Spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings. U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access, USA. 21(3):451-452. Feb. 24, 2003, URL: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CF... 28 VIZOSO A, RAMOS A, VILLAESCUSA A, DECALO M, BETANCOURT J, 1997 Estudio genotóxico in vitro e in vivo en tinturas de Melissa officinalis L. (toronjil) y Mentha piperita L. (toronjil de menta). Rev Cub Plantas Med 2(1):6-11. 29 MICROMEDEX T, 2003 Healthcare Series. Vol. 117. 9/2003 Thomson MICROMEDEX®. 30 BUDAVARI S (Ed.), 2001 The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemical, drugs, and biologicals. 30th ed. New Jersey, USA: Merck and Co., Inc. p1043-1044. 31 SIVASWAMY SM, BALACHANDRAN B, BALANEHRU S, SIVARAMAKRISHNAN VM, 1991 Mutagenic activity of south Indian food items. Indian J Exp Biol 29(8):730-737. 32 WICHTL M, 1999 Plantes thérapeutiques. Tec and Doc. p365. 33 ALONSO J, 1998 Tratado de fitomedicina: bases clínicas y farmacológicas. Buenos Aires, Argentina: ISIS ediciones SRL. p721. 34 MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Clases tóxicas agudas (CTA) de una decocción de hoja fresca de Mentha nemorosa Willd.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 35 GUERRA MJ, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2002 Clases tóxicas agudas en rata de decocción (30%) de hojas secas de Mentha x piperita varcitrata (Ehrh.) Briq.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina Dr. Salvador Allende. Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. 36 GUERRA MJ, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, 2002 Toxicidad aguda (DL50) en ratón de la decocción de hojas secas de Mentha x piperita var citrata(Ehrh.) Briq.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina Dr. Salvador Allende. Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. 37 BALZ E, BOYER A, BURAUD M, 2007 Enquête TRAMIL à Marie-Galante. U. Bordeaux 3, U. Paris XI Chatenay-Malabry, UAG, Guadeloupe. 38 OCRISSE G, 2008 Enquête TRAMIL auprès de 250 familles de la moitié Est de la partie francophone de St Martin. Biologie végétale, UAG, Guadeloupe. |
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Ocimum basilicum(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, infusion, orally2 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for stomach pain and vomiting is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information. Use for earache is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)3 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Due to the health risks involved with earache, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. Use is contraindicated when there are secretions through the ear and / or eventual tympanum perforation. For application in the ear, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should earache or vomiting last more than 2 days or should stomach pain persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. |
The leaf of Ocimum basilicum is widely used for human consumption. For stomach pain and vomiting: Prepare an infusion: add 500 mL (2 cups) of boiling water to 5-7 grams (2 spoonfuls) of fresh leaf. Cover pot, leave to settle for 5-10 minutes, and filter. Drink 1 cup 3 times per day, or as needed depending on symptomatic condition24. For earache: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 2 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 3 WHO, 1991 Guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines. WHO/TRM/91.4. Programme on Traditional Medicines, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 4 BUCH JG, DIKSHIT RK, MANSURI SM, 1988 Effect of certain volatile oils on ejaculated human spermatozoa. Indian J Med Res 87(4):361-363. 5 RODRIGUES R, ODETE L, 1991 Composition of the Ocimum basilicum oil. Bol Fac Farm Coimbra 15(1):47-51. 6 SKALTSA H, PHILIANOS S, 1990 Contribution to the chemical study of Ocimum basilicum L.: 2nd communication. Plant Med Phytother 24(3):193-196. 7 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p114. 8 QUEIROZ I, REIS S, 1989 Antispasmodic and analgesic effects of some medicinal plants (conference). Brasil: Simpósio Brasil-China de Química e Farmacologia de Produtos Naturais, Abstr. Nº 180. 9 AKHTAR MS, MUNIR M, 1989 Evaluation of the gastric antiulcerogenic effects of Solanum nigrum, Brassica oleracea and Ocimum basilicum in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 27(1/2):163-176. 10 AKHTAR MSA, AKHTAR AH, KHAN A, 1992 Antiulcerogenic effects ofOcimum basilicum extracts, volatile oils and flavonoid glycosides in albino rats. Int J Pharmacognosy 30(2):97-104. 11 DUBE S, UPADHYAY PD, TRIPATHI SC, 1989 Antifungal, physicochemical, and insect-repelling activity of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum. Can J Bot 67(7):2085-2087. 12 JANSSEN AM, CHIN NL, SCHEFFER JJ, BAERHEIM-SVENDSEN A, 1986 Screening for antimicrobial activity of some essential oils by the agar overlay technique. Pharm Weekbl (Sci Ed) 8(6):289-292. 13 DIKSHIT A, HUSAIN A, 1984 Antifungal action of some essential oils against animal pathogens. Fitoterapia 55(3):171-176. 14 EL KELTAWI NEM, MEGALLA SE, ROSS S, 1980 Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian aromatic plants. Herbal Pol 26(4):245-250. 15 MARUZZELLA JC, SCRANDIS DA, SCRANDIS JB, GRABON G, 1960 Action of odoriferous organic chemicals and essential oils on wood-destroying fungi. Plant Dis Rept 44:789-792. 16 LAM L, ZHENG B, 1991 Effects of essential oils on glutathione S-transferase activity in mice. J Agric Food Chem 39(4):660-662. 17 REITER M, BRANDT W, 1985 Relaxant effects of terpenoid on tracheal and ileal smooth muscles of the guinea pig. Arzneim-Forsch 35(1):408-414. 18 HUSSAIN RA, POVEDA LJ, PEZZUTO JM, SOEJARTO DD, KINGHORN AD, 1990 Sweetening agents of plant origin: Phenylpropanoid constituents of seven sweet-tasting plants. Econ Bot 44(2):174-182. 19 GARCIA LOPEZ A, VIZOSO PARRA A, RAMOS RUIZ A, PILOTO J, 2000 Estudio toxicogenético de un extracto fluido de Ocimun basilicum L. (albahaca blanca). Rev Cubana Planta Med 5(3):78-83. 20 LOGARTO PARRA A, SILVA YHEBRA R, GUERRA SARDINAS I, IGLESIAS BUELA L, 2001 Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine 8(5):395-400. 21 DUKE JA, 1985 Handbook of medicinal herbs. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. 22 CANIGUERAL S, VILA R, RISCO E, PEREZ F, PORTILLO A, FREIXA B, MILO B, VANACLOCHA B, RIOS JL, MORALES MA, ALONSO JR, BACHILLER LI, PERIS JB, STUBING G, 2002 Albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.). Vademecum de Fitoterapia, Editorial Masson, Barcelona, España, Nov. 20, 2003. URL: http://www.masson.es/book/fitoterapia.html 23 LOPEZ M, MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FERRADA C, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de una decocción de partes aéreas frescas de Ocimum basilicum L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Cerro, C. Habana, Cuba. 24 POUSSET J, 1989 Plantes médicinales africaines. Paris, France: ACCT. |
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Pimenta dioica(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys seed, decoction with salt, orally, associated with Cinnanomum verum1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for vomiting is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should vomiting persist for more than 2 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old. |
The seed of Pimenta dioica is a confectionery spice widely used for human consumption. For vomiting: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 2 DUKE JA, 1988 Handbook of medicinal herbs. Boca Raton, USA: CRC. 3 KIUCHI F, HIOKI M, NAKAMURA N, MIYASHITA N, TSUDA Y, KONDO K, 1989 Screening of crude drugs used in Sri Lanka for nematocidal activity on the larva of Toxocaria canis. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 43(4):228-293. 4 TUCKER A, MACIARELLO M, LETRUM L, 1991 Volatile leaf oils of Caribbean Myrtaceae. II.Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. of Jamaica. J Essent Oil Res 3(3):195-196. 5 HERRERA J, 1988 Determinación de actividades biológicas de vegetales utilizados en medicina tradicional. Informe TRAMIL. Dep. de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 6 HERRERA J, 1992 Determinación de parámetros farmacológicos usados en medicina tradicional popular en la Cuenca del Caribe. Informe TRAMIL. Dep. de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 7 PILOTO FERRER J, VIZOSO A, RAMOS A, GARCIA A, REMIGIO A, VEGA Y, GONZALEZ ML, RODRIGUEZ C, CARBALLO C, 2009 Plantas medicinales. Diez años de evaluaciones toxicogenéticas en el CIDEM. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 8(5):428-434. |
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Psidium guajava(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys sprouts, decoction or infusion, orally1 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for vomiting is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should vomiting persist for more than 2 days, seek medical attention. Use for nervous breakdown and diarrhea is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should nervous breakdown persist for more than 7 days, seek medical attention. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should diarrhea persist for more than 3 days in adult or 2 days in child, seek medical attention. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to oral rehydration therapy. Use for rash and juma (dizziness) is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)4 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. There is no available information from scientific sources to validate the use of leaf juice together with Allium sativum and Bunchosia glandulosa. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should the rash and juma (dizziness) persist for more than 5 days, seek medical attention. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Not for use during pregnancy, lactation, or by children under3 years old.
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The fruit of Psidium guajavais widely used for human consumption. For diarrhea and juma (dizziness): Prepare a decoction or infusion with 5 grams of leaf (1-2 teaspoonfuls) in 250 mL (1 cup) of water. For decoction boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. For infusion, add boiling water to 5 grams of leaf and cover pot. Filter, allow to cool and drink 1 cup 4-5 times a day59. For nervous breakdown, vomiting, and rash: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 2 WENIGER B, 1987-88 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 HERRERA J, 1994 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Laboratorio de fitofarmacología, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 4 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 5 EDOUARD JA, 1992 Enquête TRAMIL. Lycée agricole, Baie-Mahault, Guadeloupe. 6 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 7 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 8 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 9 DELENS M, 1990-92 Encuesta TRAMIL. Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular CESAP, Caracas, Venezuela. 10 MARCELLE G, 1996 TRAMIL survey. Produce chemist laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, St George's, Grenada. 11 MENDEZ M, MEDINA ML, DURAN R, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Unidad de recursos naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán CICY, Mérida, México. 12 SolIs PN, Espinosa A, De Gracia J, MartInez L, Gupta MP, 2003 Encuesta TRAMIL (Emberá-Wounaann). Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá. 13 WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 14 Solis PN, Olmedo D, Buitrago de Tello RE, Gupta MP, 2000 Estudio fitoquímico y toxicológico de algunas plantas TRAMIL. Informe TRAMIL. Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña CIFLORPAN, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá. 15 WILSON CW, SHAW PE, 1978 Terpene hydrocarbons from Psidium guajava. Phytochemistry 17:1435-1436. 16 MACLEOD AJ, DE TROCONIS NG, 1982 Volatile flavour components of guava. Phytochemistry 21(6):1339-1342. 17 MISRA K, SESHADRI TR, 1968 Chemical components of the fruits of Psidium guajava. Phytochemistry 7:641-645. 18 CHIANG H, LEE S, GUO S, 1986 Active principles of hypoglycemic effect from Psidium guajava. Part II. Asian J Pharm Suppl 6(8):58. 19 VARSHNEY I, BADHWAR G, KHAN A, SHRIVASTAVA A, 1971 Saponins and sapogenins of Sesbania grandiflora seeds, Albizzia lebbek pods and Psidium guajava fruits. Indian J Appl Chem 34:214. 20 BASSOLS F, DEMOLE EP, 1994 The occurrence of pentane-2-thiol in guava fruit. J Essent Oil Res 6(5):481-483. 21 DAVIS P, MUNROE K, SELHIME A, 1976 Laboratory Proc Fla State Hort Soc bioassay of volatile naturally occurring compounds against the Caribbean fruit fly. p174. 22 LOWRY JB, 1968 The distribution and potential taxonomic value of alkylated ellagic acids. Phytochemistry 7(10):1803-1813. 23 MAIR AGR, PANDIYAN M, VENKASUBRAMANIAN H, 1987 Polyphenolic compounds from flowers of Psidium guajava. Fitoterapia 58(3):204-205. 24 SESHADRI TR, VASISHTA K, 1965 Polyphenols of the leaves of Psidium guava-quercetin, guaijaverin, leucocyanidin and amritoside. Phytochemistry 4:989-992. 25 GRIFFITHS LA, 1959 On the distribution of gentisic acid in green plants. J Exp Biol 10:437-442. 26 KAKIUCHI N, HATTORI M, NAMBA T, NISHIZAWA M, YAMAGISHI T, OKUDA T, 1985 Inhibitory effect of tannins on reverse transcriptase from RNA tumor virus. J Nat Prod 48(4):614-621. 27 LOZOYA X, MECKES M, ABOU-AAID M, TORTORIELLO J, NOZZOLILLO C, ARNASON J, 1994 Quercetin glycosides in Psidium guajava L. leaves and determination of a spasmolytic principle. Arch Med Res 25(1):11-15. 28 OKUDA T, HATANO T, YAZAKI K, 1984 Guavin B, an ellagitannin of novel type. Chem Pharm Bull 32(9):3787-3788. 29 LUTTERODT GD, 1989 Inhibition of gastrointestinal release of acetylcholine by quercetin as a possible mode of action of Psidium guajava leaf extracts in the treatment of acute diarrhoeal disease. J Ethnopharmacol 25(3):235-247. 30 OKUDA T, YOSHIDA T, HATANO T, YAZAKI K, ASHIDA M, 1982 Tannins and related compounds in Myrtaceae. Ellagitannins of the Casuarinaceae, Stachyuraceae and Myrtaceae. Phytochemistry 21:2871-2874. 31 OKUDA T, YOSHIDA T, HATANO T, YAZAKI K, IKEGAMI Y, SHINGU T, 1987 Guavins A, C and D, complex tannins from Psidium guajava. Chem Pharm Bull 35(1):443-446. 32 OSMAN AM, YOUNES ME, SHETA AE, 1974 Triterpenoids of the leaves ofPsidium guajava. Phytochemistry 13:2015-2016. 33 OSMAN A, EL-GARBY Y, SHETA A, 1975 Chemical examination of local plants part. VII. Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Egypt J Chem 18:347. 34 SESHADRI TR, VASISHTA K, 1965 Polyphenols of the stem bark of Psidium guajava, the constitution of a new ellagic acid glycoside (amritoside). Phytochemistry 4:317-326 35 TANAKA T, ISHIDA N, ISHIMATSU M, NONAKA G, NISHIOKA I, 1992 Tannins and related compounds. CXVI. Six new complex tannins, guajavins, psidinins and psiguavin from the bark of Psidium guajava L. Chem Pharm Bull 40(8):2092-2098. 36 MISHRA C, MISRA K, 1981 Chemical constituents of Psidium guajava heartwood. J Indian Chem Soc 58:201-202. 37 SASAKI S, CHIANG HC, HABAGUCHI K, YAMADA T, NAKANISHI K, MATSUEDA S, HSU H, WU W, 1966 The constituents of medicinal plants in Taiwan. Yakugaku Zasshi 86(9):869-870. 38 TRIVEDI KK, MISRA K, 1984 Chemical investigation of Psidium guajava roots. Curr Sci 53(14):746-747. 39 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p136. 40 ECHEMENDIA C, MORON F, 1997 Efecto antidiarreico de la tintura al 20% de hojas de Psidium guajava (guayaba), en pacientes con diarrea aguda simple en atención primaria de salud. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 41 ECHEMENDIA C, 1997 Efecto antidiarreico de la tintura al 20% de hojas de Psidium guajava (guayaba), en pacientes con diarrea aguda simple en atención primaria de salud (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad Médica de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba. 42 GUPTA M, ESPOSITO AVELLA M, 1988 Evaluación química y farmacológica de algunas plantas medicinales de TRAMIL. Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña CIFLORPAN, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá. 43 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de hoja de Psidium guajava L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 44 MORON F, MARTINEZ MC, MORON D, 1999 Disminución del tránsito intestinal en ratones por tintura de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) oral. Rev Cubana Planta Med 4(2):54-56. 45 MISA C, HERNANDEZ N, ABRAHAM A, 1979 Contribution to the biological evaluation of Cuban plants. I. Rev Cubana Med Trop 31:5-12. 46 CACERES A, JAUREGUI E, HERRERA D, LOGEMANN H, 1991 Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal infections. 1: Screening of 38 plant extracts for anticandidal activity. J Ethnopharmacol 33(3):277-283. 47 GNAN SO, DEMELLO MT, 1999 Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by aqueous goiaba extracts. J Ethnopharmacology 68(1-3):103-108. 48 CACERES A, TORRES MF, ORTIZ S, CANO F, JAUREGUI E, 1993 Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. IV. Vibriocidal activity of five American plants used to treat infections. J Ethnopharmacol 39(1):73-75. 49 LOZOYA X, BECERRIL G, MARTINEZ M, 1990 Intraluminal perfusion model of in vitro guinea pig ileum as a model of study of the antidiarrheic properties of guava (Psidium guajava). Arch Invest Med (Mex) 21:155-162. 50 CHENG JT, YANG RS, 1983 Hypoglycemic effect of Guava juice in mice and human subjects. Am J Chin Med 11(1-4):74-76. 51 LUTTERODT G, 1992 Inhibition of microlax-induced experimental diarrhea with narcotic-like extracts of Psidium guajava leaf in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 37(2):151-157. 52 LOZOYA X, REYES-MORALES H, CHAVEZ-SOTO MA, MARTINEZ-GARCIA MC, SOTO-GONZALEZ Y, DOUBOVA SV, 2002 Intestinal anti-spasmodic effect of a phytodrug of Psidium guajava folia in the treatment of acute diarrheic disease. J Ethnopharmacol 83:19-24. 53 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Actividad genotóxica in vitro de hoja de Psidium guajava L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 54 BETANCOURT J, RAMOS A, VIZOSO A, MARTÍNEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, 2000 Ausencia de actividad genotóxica del extracto fluido de Psidium guajava L (guayaba) evaluada en un sistema de ensayo de Aspergillus nidulans. Rev Cubana Planta Med 5(2):38-40. 55 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Actividad genotóxica in vivo de hoja de Psidium guajava L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 56 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BARCELO H, LAINEZ A, MONTES ME, REGO R, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Toxicidad aguda clásica de hoja de Psidium guajava L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 57 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BARCELO H, LAINEZ A, MONTES ME, REGO R, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Toxicidad aguda de hoja de Psidium guajava L. en el modelo de clases tóxicas agudas. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 58 JAIN AK, SHIMOI K, NAKAMURA Y, TOMITA I, KADA T, 1987 Preliminary study on the desmutagenic and antimutagenic effect of some natural products. Curr Sci 56(24):1266-1269. 59 GIRON L, CACERES A, FREIRE V, ALONZO A, SALVADOR L, 1995 Folleto informativo sobre algunas plantas medicinales comúnmente utilizadas por la población Garífuna de Livingston. Guatemala, Guatemala: Programa TRAMIL-Centroamérica/enda-caribe/CONAPLAMED/FARMAYA/CIID. p26. 60 DELAIGUE J, 2005 TRAMIL survey. PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago. 61 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2006 Toxicidad oral aguda dosis repetida, en ratón, del extracto de la corteza fresca de Psidium guajava. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 62 MARTINEZ M, HERNANDEZ O, HERNANDEZ J, SARMIENTO E, 2003 Encuesta TRAMIL-GEF Guajiquiro, La Paz. Laboratorio de Histolología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Dep. de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 63 MARTINEZ M, MEDINA D, SUANSIN G, SARMIENTO E, 2003 Encuesta TRAMIL-GEF Las Marías, Gracias a Dios. Laboratorio de Histolología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Dep. de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 64 HENDERSON C, KRISHNARAYAN V, CASTILLO J, 1996 TRAMIL survey. Belize Enterprise for Sustainable Technology BEST, Belmopan, Belize. 65 Abdelrahim SI, Almagboul AZ, Omer ME, Elegami A, 2002 Antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. Fitoterapia 73(7-8):713-715. 66 Abdelrahim SI, Almagboul AZ, Omer ME, Elegami A, 2002 Antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. Fitoterapia 73(7-8):713-715. 67 Tona L, Kambu K, Ngimbi N, Mesia K, Penge O, Lusakibanza M, Cimanga K, De Bruyne T, Apers S, Totte J, Pieters L, Vlietinck AJ, 2000 Antiamoebic and spasmolytic activities of extracts from some antidiarrhoeal traditional preparations used in Kinshasa, Congo. Phytomedicine 7(1):31-38. 68 PAZOS L, QUIROS S, GONZALEZ S, 2006 Transito intestinal, en ratón, del extracto de la corteza fresca de Psidium guajava. Trabajo TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 69 Wei-Wei Zhang, Yan Li, Xue-Qing Wang, Feng Tian, Hong Cao, Min-Wei Wang, Qi-Shi Sun, 2005 Effects of magnolol and honokiol derived from traditional Chinese herbal remedies on gastrointestinal movement. World J Gastroenterol 11(28):4414-4418. 70 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2006 Irritabilidad dérmica, piel sana en conejos, de hoja por decocción de Psidum guajava. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 71 BALZ E, BOYER A, BURAUD M, 2007 Enquête TRAMIL à Marie-Galante. U. Bordeaux 3, U. Paris XI Chatenay-Malabry, UAG, Guadeloupe. 72 BOYER A, BURAUD M, 2007 Enquête TRAMIL à La Désirade. U. Paris XI Chatenay-Malabry, UAG, Guadeloupe. 73 MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, GARCIA MJ, BOUCOURT E, VICTORIA M, FUENTES V, MORON F, BOULOGNE I, ROBINEAU L, 2009 Encuesta TRAMIL preliminar a grupos de vecinos en los municipios 10 de Octubre, Lisa, Marianao, Habana del Este (Cojímar) en la Ciudad de la Habana. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. 74 LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, MARTINEZ MJ, BACALLAO Y, FUENTES V, 2009 Toxicidad aguda oral a dosis repetidas de decocción al 50% de hojas frescas de Psidium guajava L. Investigación TRAMIL. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, C. Habana, Cuba. |
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Sphagneticola trilobata(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, decoction or infusion, orally3 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Use for bronchitis is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information. Uses for menstrual pain and vomiting are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)4 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. |
For bronchitis, menstrual pain and vomiting: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 OCAMPO R, 1988 2 MARCELLE G, 1996 3 BENEDETTI MD, 1994 4 WHO, 1991 5 BOHLMANN F, ZIESCHE J, KING RM, ROBINSON H, 1981 6 BOHLMANN F, NGO LE VAN, 1977 7 CRAVEIRO AA, MATOS FJA, ALENCAR JW, MACHADO MIL, KRUSH A, SILVA MGV, 1993 8 KOHEIL MA, 2000 9 CÁCERES A, GONZÁLEZ S, GIRÓN L, 1998 10 CÁCERES A, GONZÁLEZ S, GIRÓN L, 2000 11 GARCÍA GM, COTO MT, GONZÁLEZ CS, PAZOS L, 1999 12 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZÁLEZ S, QUIROS S, 2003 13 GARCÍA GM, COTO MT, GONZÁLEZ CS, OCAMPO R, PAZOS L, 2001 14 HERRERA J, 1992 15 GOH CL, 1986 |
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Zingiber officinale(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)
Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys rhizome, decoction, orally9,11 |
Recommandations
Preparation and posology References |
According to published and other information: Uses for catarrh, flu, cold, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, flatulence and indigestion are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. Uses for asthma, cough and whooping cough are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)13 documented in the TRAMIL surveys. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should stomach pain, fever or vomiting persist for more than 2 days, seek medical attention. Due to the health risks involved with whooping cough, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment. Not for use during lactation or by children under 6 years old14. Ginger may increase bioavailability of sulfaguanidine by maximizing its absorption. Patients who are receiving oral anticoagulants or anti-platelet aggregation treatments should seek the advice of their physician before taking any ginger preparations, due to increased risks of hemorrhage. It is recommended that patients with gallstones seek the advice of their physician before taking any ginger preparations15. |
The rhizome of Zingiber officinale is widely used for human consumption and is an industrial source of essential oil. According to ESCOP, ginger rhizome has been prescribed for the prevention of nausea and vomiting resulting from motion sickness (sea sickness) and as a post-surgical anti-emetic in minor surgeries. The effectiveness of both indications has been confirmed by clinical assays. The indications approved by Commission E are: dyspepsia and prevention of the gastrointestinal symptoms of motion sickness68. For asthma, catarrh, flu, cold, stomach pain, fever, indigestion, cough, whooping cough, vomiting and flatulence: Prepare a decoction with 5 grams of fresh rhizome in 250 mL (1 cup) of water. Boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot, leave to cool down and drink 2 to 4 times a day. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours. |
1 DELENS M, 1990 Encuesta TRAMIL en Barlovento, Edo. Miranda de Venezuela. Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular CESAP, Caracas, Venezuela. 2 BENEDETTI MD, 1994 Encuesta TRAMIL. Universidad de Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. 3 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 4 DELENS M, 1992 Encuesta TRAMIL en los Estados Lara y Sucre de Venezuela. Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular CESAP, Caracas, Venezuela. 5 OCAMPO R, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica), Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. 6 O'REILLY A, WILSON V, PHILLIP M, JOSEPH O, 1992 TRAMIL survey. Chemistry and Food Technology Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Dunbars, Antigua and Barbuda. 7 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 8 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 9 JEAN-PIERRE L, 1988 TRAMIL survey. St. Lucia national herbarium, Castries, St. Lucia. 10 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 11 FAUJOUR A, MURREY D, CHELTENHAM-CORBIN B, CARRINGTON S, 2003 TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA & UAG, Saint Thomas, Barbados. 12 BALLAND V, GLASGOW A, SPRINGER F, GAYMES G, 2004 TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA, UAG & U.PARIS XI, Saint Vincent. 13 WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 14 WHO, 1999 Rhizoma zingiberis. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, Volume I. WHO: Geneva, Switzerland. p284. 15 CANIGUERAL S, 2003 Zingiber officinalis. Vademecum de Fitoterapia, Editorial Masson, Barcelona, España, Jul. 30, 2003. URL: http://www.masson.es/book/fitoterapia.html 16 TANABE M, YASUDA M, ADACHI Y, KANOY, 1991 Capillary GC-MS analysis of volatile components in Japanese gingers. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 45(4):321-326. 17 NISHIMURA O, 1995 Identification of the characteristic odorants in fresh rhizomes of ginger (Zingiber oficinale Roscoe) using aroma extract dilution analysis and modified multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem 43(11):2941-2945. 18 SAKAMURA F, OGIHARA K, SUGA T, TANIGUCHI K, TANAKA R, 1986 Volatile constituents of Zingiber officinale rhizomes produced by in vitro shoot tip culture. Phytochemistry 25(6):1333-1335. 19 WU P, KUO MC, HO CT, 1990 Glycosidically bound aroma compounds in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). J Agric Food Chem 38(7):1553-1555. 20 HAGINIWA J, HARADA M, MORISHITA I, 1963 Pharmacological studies on crude drugs. VII. Properties of essential oil components of aromatics and their pharmacological effect on mouse intestine. Yakugaku Zasshi 83:624. 21 VAN BEEK TA, LELYVELD GP, 1991 Isolation and identification of the five major sesquiterpene hydrocarbons of ginger. Phytochem Anal 2(1):26-34. 22 SHIBA M, MYATA A, OKADA M, WATANABE K, 1986 Antiulcer furanogermenone extraction from ginger. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-61 227,523. 23 YOSHIKAWA M, HATAKEYAMA S, CHATANI N, NISHINO Y, YAMAHARA J, 1993 Qualitative and quantitative analysis of bioactive principles in Zingiberis Rhizoma by means of high performance liquid chromatography and gas liquid chromatography. On the evaluation of Zingiberis Rhizoma and chemical change of constituents during Zingiberis Rhizoma processing. Yakugaku Zasshi 113(4):307-315. 24 TANABE M, CHEN YD, SAITO KI, KANO Y, 1993 Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitory component from Zingiber officinale Roscoe. 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