inflammation | TRAMIL

	Eleocharis interstincta (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Haiti : jon Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys entire plant, natural, applied locally¹	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	According to published and other information: External use for edema and inflammation is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)² documented in the TRAMIL surveys. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should edema or inflammation persist, seek medical attention.		For edema and inflammation: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use.	1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 3 SOLIS PN, RODRIGUEZ N, ESPINOSA A, GUPTA MP, 2004 Estudio fitoquímico de algunas plantas TRAMIL con usos en Martinica. Informe TRAMIL. Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognósticas de la Flora Panameña CIFLORPAN, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panamá. 4 HERRERA J, 1992 Determinación de parámetros farmacológicos usados en medicina tradicional popular en la Cuenca del Caribe. Informe TRAMIL. Dep. de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. TRAMIL VI, Basse Terre, Guadeloupe, UAG/enda-caribe. 5 MAGALHAES AF, RUIZ AL, FARIA AD, MAGALHAES EG, AMARAL MC, 2001 Avaliação fitoquímica e biológica de Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. Poços de Caldas, Brasil: Científico Nacional, Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Química - SBQ (1):7. 6 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009 Irritación dérmica, piel sana en conejos, porción de la planta entera fresca de Eleocharis interstinca. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
	Musa sp. (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Dominican Republic : rulo Barbados : banana Haiti : bannan matenten Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, decoction, bath⁴	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	According to published and other information: There is no available information in scientific literature to validate the effects attributed to the fruit pulp, broth with salt, or cooked fruit pulp, taken orally for asthenia and weakness. Use for diarrhea is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and on available published scientific information. In case of diarrhea, the use of this resource can be considered complementary to oral re-hydration therapy. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should diarrhea last more than 3 days in adults or 2 days in children older than 3, seek medical attention. Use for injury, sore, inflammation and rheumatism is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)⁴ documented in the TRAMIL surveys. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, seek medical attention. Not for use by children under 6 months of age.		The fruit of Musa xparadisiaca is widely used for human consumption and the leaf of the plant is used for producing foodstuffs. TRAMIL Research¹⁶ For inflammation: Prepare a decoction with 100-200 grams of ground leaf in 1 liter (4 cups) of water. Boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. Filter, leave to cool down and soak affected area. For injury and sore: Wash injury with boiled water and soap. Apply the grated mesoderm (pulp) of the fruit or the sap of the fruit peel to affected area¹⁶. Cover injury with dressing or clean cloth, and replace 2 times a day. For asthenia, weakness, diarrhea and rheumatism: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours.	1 SIMMONDS NW, 1962 The evolution of the bananas. London, England: Longmans, Green & Co. Ltd. p170. 2 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 3 FAUJOUR A, MURREY D, CHELTENHAM-CORBIN B, CARRINGTON S, 2003 TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA & UAG, Saint Thomas, Barbados. 4 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 5 WHO, 1991 Guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines. WHO/TRM/91.4. Programme on Traditional Medicines, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 6 PALMER J, WYMAN H, 1965 Organic acids in banana leaves. Phytochemistry 4(2):305-309. 7 WONG W, 1976 Some folk medicinal plants from Trinidad. Econ Bot 30:103-142. 8 DUTTA PK, DAS AK, BANERJI N, 1983 A tetracyclic triterpenoid from Musa paradisiaca. Phytochemistry22(11):2563-2564. 9 WILLAMAN JJ, HUI-LIN L, 1970 Alkaloid-bearing plants and their contained alkaloids, 1957-1968. Lloydia33(3A)Supp. 10 FRIESE FW, 1934 Plantas medicinais brasileiras. Sao Paulo, Brasil: Inst Agro do Estado Sao Paulo. p252-494. 11 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants.Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. 12 RICHTER E, VORE L, 1989 Antimicrobial activity of banana puree. Food Microbiol 6(3):179-187. 13 ALONSO J, 1998 Tratado de fitomedicina: bases clínicas y farmacológicas. Buenos Aires, Argentina: ISIS ediciones SRL. p125-126. 14 NEGWER M, 1987 Organic chemical drugs and their synonyms (an international survey). 6^th ed. Berlin, Germany: Akademie Verlag. 15 CARBALLO A, 1995 Plantas medicinales del Escambray cubano. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 16 CARBALLO A, 1995 Cálculo de concentración y dosis de las drogas vegetales TRAMIL: Mensuraciones farmacognósticas y aproximaciones técnico-clínicas. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 17 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009 Irritación dérmica, piel lesionada en conejos, de la savia del fruto verde de Musa paradisiaca. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 18 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009 Irritación dérmica, piel lesionada en conejos, del mesodermo del fruto maduro de Musa paradisiaca. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 19 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009 Irritación dérmica, piel sana en conejos, porción de hoja calentada de Musa paradisiaca. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 20 MORON FJ, GARCIA AI, VICTORIA MC, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BACALLAO Y, FUENTES V, 2008 Acción analgésica oral de la decocción de hojas frescas de Musa x paradisiaca L. (plátano) en ratones. Trabajo TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana. 21 FRIAS AI, GARCIA N, MOREJON Z, MORON F, VICTORIA MC, 2009 Efecto antiinflamatorio tópico de la decocción de hojas frescas de Musa x paradisiaca L. (plátano) en el edema de la oreja inducido por aceite de Croton en ratones. Trabajo TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana. 22 MORON FJ, MOREJON Z, VICTORIA MC, BACALLAO Y, FUENTES V, 2009 Acción sobre el tránsito intestinal del zumo fresco del fruto maduro de Musa x paradisiaca L. (plátano) en ratones. Trabajo TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana.
	Plantago major (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Dominica : planten Dominican Republic : llantén Guadeloupe : plantain Guadeloupe : miyé Haiti : planten Martinique : plantain Martinique : miyé Tobago : plantain Tobago : miyé Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, infusion, orally²	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	Use against "bad blood" is a traditional cultural use and is not classified in the TRAMIL program. According to published and other information: Use for "malozie" (eye injuries) including conjunctivitis is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. For application in the eyes, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection, and contact with conjunctiva-irritating substances should be avoided. In the event of conjunctivitis, there is the risk of increasing irritation by applying the leaf juice. To avoid eye irritation, the aqueous preparation should be filtered before application. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should eye injuries or conjunctivitis persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention. Use for inflammation and "nervous breakdown" is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should "nervous breakdown" persist for more than 7 days, seek medical attention. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old.		For conjunctivitis: Prepare a decoction or infusion with 20 grams (2-3 spoonfuls) of fresh leaf in 1/2 liter (2 cups) of water. For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. For infusion, add boiling water to 20 grams (2-3 spoonfuls) of fresh leaf, cover pot and leave to settle during 5-10 minutes. Filter, allow to cool and wash eye with the content of a dropper (3 mL) every 2 hours⁴². All home-made preparations with medicinal herbs for eye use must be preserved cold and should be disposed of 24 hours after preparation. For inflammation and nervous breakdown: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use.	1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 3 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 4 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 5 EDOUARD JA, 1992 Enquête TRAMIL. Lycée agricole, Baie-Mahault, Guadeloupe. 6 LEBEDEV-KOSOV VI, 1980 Flavonoids and iridoids of Plantago major L. and Plantago asiatica L. Rast Resur 16:403-406. 7 MAKSYUTINA NP, 1971 Baicalein and scutellarein derivatives in Plantago major leaves. Khim Prir Soedin 7(3):374-375. 8 HARBORNE JB, WILLIAMS CA, 1971 Comparative biochemistry of flavonoids. XIII. 6-hydroxyluteolin and scutellarein as phyletic markers in higher plants. Phytochemistry 10:367-378. 9 ANDRZEJEWSKA-GOLEC E, SWIATEK L, 1984 Chemotaxonomic investigations on the genus plantago. I. Analysis of iridoid fraction. Herba Pol 30(1):9-16. 10 PAILER M, HASCHKE-HOFMEISTER E, 1969 Components of Plantago major. Planta Med 17(2):139-145. 11 MAKSYUTINA NP, 1971 Hydroxycinnamic acids from Plantago major and Plantago lanceolata. Khim Prir Soedin 7(6):824-825. 12 NORO Y, HISATA Y, OKUDA K, KAWAMURA T, KASAHARA Y, TANAKA T, SAKAI E, NISIBE S, SASAHARA M, 1991 Pharmacognostical studies of plantagins herba (VII) on the phenylethanoid contents ofPlantago spp. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 45(1):24-28. 13 JANSSON O, 1974 Hylloquinone (vitamin k-1) levels in leaves of plant species differing in susceptibility to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Physiol Plant 31:323. 14 OBOLENTSEVA GV, KHADZHAI YI, 1966 Pharmacological testing of plantaglucide. Farmakol Toksikol 29(4):469-472. 15 BALBAA SI, KARAWYA MS, AFIFI MS, 1971 Pharmacognostical study of the seeds of certain plantago species growing in Egypt. U A R J Pharm Sci 12(1):35-52. 16 KUBOTA S, 1955 Chinese materia medica from which medicines have been introduced into Japan. Trans 9th Congr Far East Ass Trop Med 2:639. 17 ATAL CK, KAPOOR KK, SIDDIQUI HH, 1964 Studies on Indian seed oils. Part 1. Preliminary screening of linoleic acid rich oils. Indian J Pharmacy 26:163-164. 18 SAMUELSEN AB, COHEN EH, PAULSEN BS, BRULL LP, THOMAS-OATES JE, 1999 Structural studies of a heteroxylan from Plantago major L. seeds by partial hydrolysis, HPAEC-PAD, methylation and GC-MS, ESMS and ESMS/MS. Carbohydr Res 315(3/4):312-318. 19 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p131. 20 SIDDIQUI M, HAKIM M, 1991 Crude drugs and their nutrient values. J of the National Integrated Med Assoc33(1):8-10. 21 CAMBAR P, 1989 Efecto antiinflamatorio del extracto acuoso de la hoja de llantén(Plantago major). Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. TRAMIL IV, Tela, Honduras, UNAH/enda-caribe. 22 CARBALLO A, 1995 Plantas medicinales del Escambray cubano. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 23 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, QUIROS S, 2004 Actividad sedante-tranquilizante en ratón, dosis repetidas del extracto acuoso de hoja de Plantago major. Informe TRAMIL.Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 24 Lapa AJ, Souccar C, Lima-Landman MT, De Lima TC,2002 Métodos de evaluación de la actividad farmacológica de plantas medicinales. RIVAPLAMED. Red de validación de plantas medicinales. CYTED/CNPq. Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo. Sao Paulo, Brasil. 25 CACERES A, GIRON LM, ALVARADO SR, TORRES MF, 1987 Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 20(3):223-237. 26 CAMBAR P, ALVARADO-GALVEZ C, ALGER J, RIVERA-VEGA O, 1984 Efectos broncopulmonares de algunas plantas medicinales de Honduras(conferencia). Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. II semana científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 27 CAMBAR P, ALGER J, SANTOS A, 1983 Efectos farmacológicos de los extractos acuosos de las hojas de Llantén(Plantago major) (conferencia). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: XXVII Congreso médico de Honduras & I semana científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Revista Médica Hondureña. 28 LAMBEV I, MARKOV M, PAVLOVA N, 1981 Study of the antiinflammatory and capillary restorative activity of a dispersed substance fromPlantago major L. Probl Nutr Med 9(3):162-169. 29 CAMBAR P, ALVARADO-GALVEZ C, ALGER J, RIVERA-VEGA O, 1984 Efectos broncopulmonares de algunas plantas medicinales de Honduras.(conferencia). Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. II semana científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 30 CAMBAR P, SANTOS A, COUSIN L, 1985 Efecto del extracto acuoso de Plantago major (Llantén) en el choque anafiláctico inducido por albúmina de huevo en el conejo. Memoria de la III Semana Científica de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. 31 MIRONOV VA, VASIL'EV GS, MATROSOV VS, FILIPOVA TM, ZAMUREENKO VA,MISHCHENKO VV, MAIRANOVSKII VG, FEL'DSHTEIN MA,1983 Physiologically active alcohols from great plantain (Plantago major). Pharm Chem 17(11):794-798. 32 ANON, 1973 Traditional-western combined treatment of 217 cases of tetanus. Chung-hua I hsueh Tsa Chih Beijing53:682-684. 33 QUEIROZ I, REIS S, 1989 Antispasmodic and analgesic effects of some medicinal plants (conference). Rio, Brasil: Simpósio Brasil-China de Química e Farmacologia de Produtos Naturais, Abstr. Nº 180. 34 ROSA PINTO V, BARAHONA C, 1986 Estudio hipocrático de extractos acuosos de algunas plantas medicinales de uso tradicional en Honduras, sus efectos en ratas (Tesis de grado). Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 35 DUCKETT S, 1980 Plantain leaf for poison ivy. N Engl J Med 303(10):583. 36 WAGNER H, 1987 Immunostimulants from higher plants. In HOSTETTMANN K, LEA PJ, (Eds.). Biologically active natural products.Oxford, UK: Oxford Science Publications, p127-141. 37 BETANCOURT J, MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Actividad genotóxica in vitro de partes aéreas de Plantago major L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias. Médicas “Dr. Salvador. Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 38 BETANCOURT J, MARTINEZ MJ, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, BARCELO H, LAINEZ A, MONTES ME, REGO R, BOUCOURT E, MORON F, 2000 Toxicidad aguda clásica de partes aéreas de Plantago major L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias. Médicas “Dr. Salvador. Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 39 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, Pazos L, 1996 Toxicidad por vía oral en ratón, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Plantago major. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 40 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, Pazos L, 1996 Irritabilidad ocular en conejos, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Plantago major. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 41 ARROYO J, RODRIGUEZ N, RODRIGUEZ M, 1963 Cytostatic agents of plant and synthetic origin. Anales Real Acad Farm 29(4):157-169. 42 ALBORNOZ A, 1993 Medicina tradicional herbaria. Caracas, Venezuela: Instituto Farmacoterápico Latino S.A. p273. 43 DELAIGUE J, 2005 TRAMIL survey. UAG & PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago. 44 GUERRA MJ, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, 2002 Irritabilidad oftálmica de la decocción 30% de hojas secas de Plantago major L.Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina Dr. Salvador Allende. Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. 45 LOGARTO PARRA A, SILVA YHEBRA R, GUERRA SARDINAS I, IGLESIAS BUELA L, 2001 Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD₅₀ value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine 8(5):395-400. 46 LUCIANO-MONTALVO C, GAVILLAN-SUAREZ J, 2009 Actividades antimicrobianas de partes de plantas con usos significativos en encuestas etnofarmacológicas TRAMIL.Informe TRAMIL,Instituto de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias, Cayey, Universidad de Puerto Rico.
	Zea mays (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Dominican Republic : maíz Haiti : mayi Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys styles, decoction with salt, orally¹	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	According to published and other information: Uses for edema, inflammation and kidney pain are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, scientific validation and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should kidney pain persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention. The use of this resource for kidney infection or stones can be considered complementary to medical treatment due to its diuretic effects. In the event of edema and inflammation, an initial medical evaluation is recommended because of the possible health risks involved. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old.		The grains of the fruit of Zea mays are widely used for human consumption. For edema, inflammation and kidney pain: Prepare a decoction, infusion or maceration with 10 grams of fresh style or 2 grams of dried style (beard or silage, also called cornsilk) in 1 liter of water. For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. For infusion, add boiling water to styles, cover and leave to cool down. For maceration, add styles to 1 liter of boiled water, and leave to settle for 12 hours. Drink several times a day^27-28. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours.	1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 FLATH RA, FORREY RR, JOHN JO, CHAN BG, 1978 Volatile components of corn silk (Zea mays): possible Heliothis zea (boddie) attractants. J Agric Food Chem 26:1290-1293. 4 GUELDNER RC, SNOOK ME, WIDSTROM NW, WISEMAN BR, 1992 tlc screen for maysin, chlorogenic acid, and other possible resistance factors to the fall armyworm and the corn earworm in zea mays. J Agric Food Chem 40(7):1211-1213. 5 STYLKEES ED, CESKA O, 1975 Genetic control of 3-hydroxy- and 3-deoxy-flavonoids in Zea mays. Phytochemistry 14:413-415. 6 ELLIGER CA, RABIN LB, 1981 Separation of plant polyphenolics by chromatography on a boronate resin. J Chromatogr 216:261-268. 7 ELLIGER CA, CHAN BG, WAISS AC, LUNDIN JR RE, HADDON WF, 1980 C-glycosylflavones from Zea mays that inhibit insect development. Phytochemistry 19:293-297. 8 DOMINGUEZ XA, BUTRUILLE D, ALVAREZ E, 1976 Note on a chemical study of cabello de elote. Rev Latinoamer Quim 7:93. 9 BALANSARD J, 1951 A study of the hepato-renal diuretics. xxxv. the presence of glycolic acid in various drugs used as diuretics. Med Trop (Marseille) 11:638-639. 10 BUTTERY RG, LING LC, CHAN BG, 1978 Volatiles of kernels and husks: Possible corn ear worm attractants. J Agric Food Chem 26:866-869. 11 BUTTERY RG, LING LC, 1984 Corn leaf volatiles: Identification using tenax trapping for possible insect attractants. J Agric Food Chem 32(5):1104-1106. 12 TAKAGI S, 1985 Determination of green leaf carotenoids by hplc. Agr Biol Chem 49(4):1211-1213. 13 NEURATH GB, DUNGER M, PEIN FG, AMBROSIUS D, SCHREIBER O, 1977 Primary and secondary amines in the human environment. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15(4):275-282. 14 HOFMAN J, HOFMANOVA O, 1969 1,4-benzoxazine derivatives in plants. Sephadex fractionation and identification of a new glucoside. Eur J Biochem 8(1):109-112. 15 SAKATA K, YAMAMOTO H, TANAKA H, SHINOZUKA M, 1982 Studies of components of raw corn (zea mays l.) and corn silage. 7. Components of the nonvolatile acidic fraction of raw corn and the volatile phenolic fraction of corn silage. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi 56:451-453. 16 UNSELD E, KRISHNA DR, FISCHER C, KLOTZ UL, 1989 Detection of desmethyldiazepam and diazepam in brain of different species and plants. Biochem Pharmacol 38(15):2473-2478 (1989) 17 CHITWOOD DJ, HUTZELL PA, LUSBY WR, 1985 Sterol composition of the corn cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae, and corn roots. J Nematol 17(1):64-68. 18 FELDMAN LJ, ARROYAVE NJ, SUN PS, 1985 Abscisic acid, xanthoxin and violaxanthin in the caps of gravistimulated maize roots. Planta 166(4):483-489. 19 BUTTERY RG, LING LC, 1985 Volatile components of corn roots: Possible insect attractants. J Agric Food Chem 33(4):772-774. 20 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p172. 21CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1995 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 48(2):85-88. 22 CACERES A, GIRON LM, MARTINEZ AM, 1987 Diuretic activity of plants used for the treatment of urinary ailments in Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 19(3):233-245. 23 GRASES F, MARCH JG, RAMIS M, COSTA-BAUZÁ A, 1993 The influence of Zea mays on urinary risk factors for kidney stones in rats. Phytother Res 7(2):146-149. 24 DE A RIBEIRO R, FIUZA DE MELO MMR, DE BARROS F, GOMES C, TROLIN G, 1986 Acute antihypertensive effect in conscious rat produced by some medicinal plants used in the state of Sao Paulo. J Etnopharmacol 15(3):261-270. 25DE A RIBEIRO R, BARROS F, MARGARIDA M, MELO RF, MUNIZ C, CHIEIA S, WANDERLEY MG, GOMES C, TROLIN G, 1988 Acute diuretic effects in conscious rat produced by some medicinal plants used in the state of Sao Paulo, Brasil. J Etnopharmacol 24(1):19-29. 26DOAN DD, NGUYEN NH, DOAN HK, NGUYEN TL, PHAN TS, VAN DAU N, GRABE M, JOHANSSON R, LINDGREN G, STJERNSTROM NE, 1992 Studies on the individual and combined diuretic effects of four Vietnamese traditional herbal remedies (Zea mays, Imperata cylindrica, Plantago major and Orthosiphon stamineus). J Ethnopharmacol 36(3):225-231. 27 ARTECHE A (Ed.), 1998 Zea mays, Fitoterapia, Vademecum de Prescripción, Base de Datos FITOS para Windows v1.0, Editorial Masson SA, Madrid, España. 28 WICHTL M, ANTON R, 1999 Plantes thérapeutiques. Paris, France: TEC & DOC. p334. 29 LOPEZ M, MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de semilla fresca machacada de Zea mays L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Cerro, C. Habana, Cuba.
	Zea mays (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Dominican Republic : maíz Haiti : mayi Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys styles, aqueous maceration, orally¹	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	According to published and other information: Uses for edema, inflammation and kidney pain are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, scientific validation and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should kidney pain persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention. The use of this resource for kidney infection or stones can be considered complementary to medical treatment due to its diuretic effects. In the event of edema and inflammation, an initial medical evaluation is recommended because of the possible health risks involved. Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old.		The grains of the fruit of Zea mays are widely used for human consumption. For edema, inflammation and kidney pain: Prepare a decoction, infusion or maceration with 10 grams of fresh style or 2 grams of dried style (beard or silage, also called cornsilk) in 1 liter of water. For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. For infusion, add boiling water to styles, cover and leave to cool down. For maceration, add styles to 1 liter of boiled water, and leave to settle for 12 hours. Drink several times a day^27-28. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours.	1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 FLATH RA, FORREY RR, JOHN JO, CHAN BG, 1978 Volatile components of corn silk (Zea mays): possible Heliothis zea (boddie) attractants. J Agric Food Chem 26:1290-1293. 4 GUELDNER RC, SNOOK ME, WIDSTROM NW, WISEMAN BR, 1992 tlc screen for maysin, chlorogenic acid, and other possible resistance factors to the fall armyworm and the corn earworm in zea mays. J Agric Food Chem 40(7):1211-1213. 5 STYLKEES ED, CESKA O, 1975 Genetic control of 3-hydroxy- and 3-deoxy-flavonoids in Zea mays. Phytochemistry 14:413-415. 6 ELLIGER CA, RABIN LB, 1981 Separation of plant polyphenolics by chromatography on a boronate resin. J Chromatogr 216:261-268. 7 ELLIGER CA, CHAN BG, WAISS AC, LUNDIN JR RE, HADDON WF, 1980 C-glycosylflavones from Zea mays that inhibit insect development. Phytochemistry 19:293-297. 8 DOMINGUEZ XA, BUTRUILLE D, ALVAREZ E, 1976 Note on a chemical study of cabello de elote. Rev Latinoamer Quim 7:93. 9 BALANSARD J, 1951 A study of the hepato-renal diuretics. xxxv. the presence of glycolic acid in various drugs used as diuretics. Med Trop (Marseille) 11:638-639. 10 BUTTERY RG, LING LC, CHAN BG, 1978 Volatiles of kernels and husks: Possible corn ear worm attractants. J Agric Food Chem 26:866-869. 11 BUTTERY RG, LING LC, 1984 Corn leaf volatiles: Identification using tenax trapping for possible insect attractants. J Agric Food Chem 32(5):1104-1106. 12 TAKAGI S, 1985 Determination of green leaf carotenoids by hplc. Agr Biol Chem 49(4):1211-1213. 13 NEURATH GB, DUNGER M, PEIN FG, AMBROSIUS D, SCHREIBER O, 1977 Primary and secondary amines in the human environment. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15(4):275-282. 14 HOFMAN J, HOFMANOVA O, 1969 1,4-benzoxazine derivatives in plants. Sephadex fractionation and identification of a new glucoside. Eur J Biochem 8(1):109-112. 15 SAKATA K, YAMAMOTO H, TANAKA H, SHINOZUKA M, 1982 Studies of components of raw corn (zea mays l.) and corn silage. 7. Components of the nonvolatile acidic fraction of raw corn and the volatile phenolic fraction of corn silage. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi 56:451-453. 16 UNSELD E, KRISHNA DR, FISCHER C, KLOTZ UL, 1989 Detection of desmethyldiazepam and diazepam in brain of different species and plants. Biochem Pharmacol 38(15):2473-2478 (1989) 17 CHITWOOD DJ, HUTZELL PA, LUSBY WR, 1985 Sterol composition of the corn cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae, and corn roots. J Nematol 17(1):64-68. 18 FELDMAN LJ, ARROYAVE NJ, SUN PS, 1985 Abscisic acid, xanthoxin and violaxanthin in the caps of gravistimulated maize roots. Planta 166(4):483-489. 19 BUTTERY RG, LING LC, 1985 Volatile components of corn roots: Possible insect attractants. J Agric Food Chem 33(4):772-774. 20 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p172. 21CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1995 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 48(2):85-88. 22 CACERES A, GIRON LM, MARTINEZ AM, 1987 Diuretic activity of plants used for the treatment of urinary ailments in Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 19(3):233-245. 23 GRASES F, MARCH JG, RAMIS M, COSTA-BAUZÁ A, 1993 The influence of Zea mays on urinary risk factors for kidney stones in rats. Phytother Res 7(2):146-149. 24 DE A RIBEIRO R, FIUZA DE MELO MMR, DE BARROS F, GOMES C, TROLIN G, 1986 Acute antihypertensive effect in conscious rat produced by some medicinal plants used in the state of Sao Paulo. J Etnopharmacol 15(3):261-270. 25DE A RIBEIRO R, BARROS F, MARGARIDA M, MELO RF, MUNIZ C, CHIEIA S, WANDERLEY MG, GOMES C, TROLIN G, 1988 Acute diuretic effects in conscious rat produced by some medicinal plants used in the state of Sao Paulo, Brasil. J Etnopharmacol 24(1):19-29. 26DOAN DD, NGUYEN NH, DOAN HK, NGUYEN TL, PHAN TS, VAN DAU N, GRABE M, JOHANSSON R, LINDGREN G, STJERNSTROM NE, 1992 Studies on the individual and combined diuretic effects of four Vietnamese traditional herbal remedies (Zea mays, Imperata cylindrica, Plantago major and Orthosiphon stamineus). J Ethnopharmacol 36(3):225-231. 27 ARTECHE A (Ed.), 1998 Zea mays, Fitoterapia, Vademecum de Prescripción, Base de Datos FITOS para Windows v1.0, Editorial Masson SA, Madrid, España. 28 WICHTL M, ANTON R, 1999 Plantes thérapeutiques. Paris, France: TEC & DOC. p334. 29 LOPEZ M, MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de semilla fresca machacada de Zea mays L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Cerro, C. Habana, Cuba.