skin conditions | TRAMIL

	Allium sativum (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Barbados : garlic Dominican Republic : ajo Guatemala : ajo Haiti : lay Saint Lucia : lay Guadeloupe : ail Guadeloupe : lay Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys bulb crushed, added to bath or rubbed on skin¹	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	Use for “bad blood” is a traditional cultural use of our communities and is not classified in the TRAMIL Program. According to published and other information: Use for skin conditions, pruritus, candidiasis, gastric bloating, nausea, flatulence, and intestinal parasites is classified as REC, based on significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and published scientific information. Use for toothaches, earaches, and fever is classified as REC, based on significant traditional uses (OMS/WHO)⁷ documented by TRAMIL surveys. The bulb can cause reactions of hypersensitivity. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Due to the possibility that an earache could signal a middle or inner ear infection, immediate medical evaluation is recommended. Do not use if there are secretions from the ear and/or possible perforation of the eardrum. If the patient’s condition worsens or if the earache persists for more than 2 days, seek medical attention. Contraindicated for use in hyperthyroidism⁸. The extracts from garlic interact with anticoagulant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic treatments.		The bulb of Allium sativum is widely used for human consumption. The garlic bulb for medicinal purposes should be taken together with meals, so as to prevent gastro-intestinal problems⁷¹. For fever, gastric bloating, nausea, flatulence and intestinal parasites: Prepare a decoction with 2 to 5 grams of fresh garlic⁷¹ (1 to 2.5 cloves) or 2 to 4 grams of dried garlic⁷¹ in 1 cup of water (250 mL), boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. Cool and drink 1 cup 3 times a day. For other forms of administration of garlic bulb, the daily consumption doses recommended by OMS⁷¹ are: for oil: 2 to 5 mg; for extracts, 300 to 1000 mg (as solid material). Other type of pharmaceutical preparations should meet alliine values of 4-12 mg or allicine values of 2-5 mg⁷¹. For treatment of skin conditions, pruritus, candidiasis, toothache, and earache: 2 to 5 g (1 to 2.5 cloves) of peeled fresh garlic; wash thoroughly and crush, then apply to the affected area twice a day.	1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 2 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 3 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 4 WENIGER B, 1987-88 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 5 JEAN-PIERRE L, 1988 TRAMIL survey. St Lucia national herbarium, Castries, St Lucia. 6 FAUJOUR A, MURREY D, CHELTENHAM-CORBIN B, CARRINGTON S, 2003 TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA & UAG, Saint Thomas, Barbados. 7 WHO, 1991 Pautas para la evaluación de medicamentos herbarios WHO/TRM/91.4 (original inglés). Programa de Medicina Tradicional, OMS, Ginebra, Suiza. 8 ARTECHI A (Ed.), 1998 Fitoterapia Vademécum de prescripción Plantas Medicinales. Barcelona, España: Masson. p63. 9 SENDL A, ELBL G, STEINKE B, REDL K, BREU W, WAGNER H, 1992 Comparative pharmacological investigations of Allium ursinum and Allium sativum. Planta Med 58:11-17. 10 CALVEY EM, ROACH JAG, BLOCK E, 1994 Supercritical fluid chromatography of garlic (Allium sativum) extracts with mass spectrometric identification of allicin. J Chromatogr Sci 32:393-396. 11 BLOCK E, AHMAD S, CATALFAMO JL, JAIN MK, APITZ-CASTRO R, 1986 Antithrombotic organosulfur compounds from garlic: structural, mechanistic, and synthetic studies. J Amer Chem Soc 108:227045-227055. 12 MOCHIZUKI E, YAMAMOTO T, KOMIYAMA Y, NAKAZAWA H, 1998 Identification of Allium products using flame photometric detection gas chromatography and distribution patterns of volatile sulfur compounds. J Agr Food Chem 46:125170-125176. 13 UEDA Y, SAKAGUCHI M, HIRAYAMA K, MIYAJIMA R, KIMIZUKA A, 1990 Characteristic flavor constituents in water extract of garlic. Agr Biol Chem 54:1163-1169. 14 KOCH HP, JAGER W, 1989 Garlic allicin release from fresh and dried garlic and products thereof. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 129:6273-6276. 15 LAWSON LD, WANG ZYJ, HUGHES BG, 1991 Identification and hplc quantitation of the sulfides and dialk(en)yl thiosulfinates in commercial garlic products. Planta Med 57:363-370. 16 OHSUMI C, HAYASHI T, KUBOTA K, KOBAYASHI A, 1993 Volatile flavor compounds formed in an interspecific hybrid between onion and garlic. J Agr Food Chem 41:101808-101810. 17 LAWSON LD, WOOD SG, HUGHES BG, 1991 hplc analysis of allicin and other thiosulfinates in garlic clove homogenates. Planta Med 57:3263-3270. 18 MUTSCH-ECKNER M, ERDELMEIER CAJ, STICHER O, REUTER HD, 1993 A novel amino acid glycoside and three amino acids from Allium sativum. J Nat Prod 56:6864-6869. 19 INAGAKI M, HARADA Y, YAMADA K, ISOBE R, HIGUCHI R, MATSUURA H, ITAKURA Y, 1998 Isolation and structure determination of cerebrosides from garlic, the bulbs of Allium sativum L. Chem Pharm Bull 46:71153-71156. 20 AL-NAGDY SA, ABDEL-RAHMAN MO, HEIBA HI, 1988 Evidence for some prostaglandins in Allium sativum extracts. Phytother Res 2:4196-4197. 21 ROLLERI F, 1943 Occurrence of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide in curative plants. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 281:118. 22 RAKHIMBAEV IR, OL'SHANSKAYA RV, 1981 Preliminary identification of natural gibberellins of garlic. Izv Akad Nauk Kaz Ssr Ser Biol 1981:217-222. 23 KOCH HP, JAGER W, GROH U, HOVIE JE, PLANK G, SEDLAK U, PRAZNIK W, 1993 Carbohydrates from garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L.) As inhibitors of adenosine deaminase enzyme activity. Phytother Res 7(5):387-389. 24 BAUMGARTNER S, DAX TG, PRAZNIK W, FALK H, 2000 Characterisation of the high-molecular weight fructan isolated from garlic (Allium sativum L.). Carbohydr Res 328:2177-2183. 25 PENG JP, CHEN H, QIAO YQ, MA LR, NARUI T, SUZUKI H, OKUYAMA T, KOBAYASHI H, 1996 Two new steroidal saponins from Allium sativum and their inhibitory effects on blood coagulability. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 31:8607-8612. 26 MATSUURA H, USHIROGUCHI T, ITAKURA Y, FUWA T, 1989 Further studies on steroidal glycosides from bulbs, roots and leaves of Allium sativum L. Chem Pharm Bull 37:102741-102743. 27 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Ratón, USA: CRC Press. p13. 28 DAS I, KHAN N, SOORANA S, 1995 Potent activation of nitric oxide synthase by garlic: a basic for therapeutic application. J Med Res Opin 5(13):257-263. 29 KABELIK J, 1970 Antimicrobial properties of garlic. Pharmazie 25(4):266-270. 30 ADETUMBI M, JAVOR G, LAN B, 1986 Allium sativum (garlic) inhibits lipid synthesis by Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother30(3):499-501. 31 TSAI Y, COLE LL, DAVIS LE, LOCKWOOD SJ, SIMMONS V, WILD GC, 1985 Antiviral properties of garlic: in vitro effects onInfluenza b, Herpes simplex and Coxsackie viruses. Planta Med 51(5):460-461. 32 SHARMA V, SETHI M, KUMAR A, RAROTRA JR, 1977 Antibacterial property of Allium sativum in vivo & in vitro studies. Indian J Exp Biol15:466. 33 FROMTLING R, BULMER G, 1978 In vitro effect of aqueous extract of garlic on the growth and viability of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycology 70:397-400. 34 GRAHAM H, GRAHAM E, 1987 Inhibition of Aspergillus parasiticus growth andtoxin productionby garlic. Journal Food Safety 8:101-108. 35 MOLINA NM, 1992 Actividad antimicrobiana de extractos de Allium sativum. Evaluación preclínica, farmacológica y toxicológica (Tesis de graduación). Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. p287. 36 EL-TANBOULY ND, ABDEL-MEGID RM, 1994 HPLC determination of allicin in garlic and garlic products and their antimicrobial activity. Zagazig J Pharm Sci 3(3A):120-124. 37 CACERES A, GIRON L, ALVARADO S, TORRES M, 1987 Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 20(3):223-237. 38 KIUCHI ,F, NAKAMURA N, MIYASHITA N, NISHIZAWA S, TSUDA Y, KONDO K, 1989 Nematocidal activity of some anthelmintics, traditional medicines, and spices by a new assay method using larvae of Toxocara canis. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 43(4):279. 39 CHOWDHURY A, AHSAN M, ISLAM SK, AHMED ZU, 1991 Efficacy of aqueous extract of garlic and allicin in experimental shiguellosis in rabbits. Indian J Med Res93(1):33-36. 40 STANDEN O, 1953 Experimental chemotherapy of oxyuriasis. Brit Med JII:757-758. 41 TAKASUGI N, KOTOO K, FUWA T, SAITO H, 1984 Effect of garlic on mice exposed to various stresses. Oyo Yakuri Pharmacolo 28(6):991-1002. 42 PRASAD DN, BHATTACHARYA SK, DAS PK, 1966 A study of antinflammatory activity of some indigenous drugs in albino rats. Indian J Med Res 54:582. 43 BHAKUNI D, DHAR ML, DHAR MM, DHAWAN B, MEHROTRA B, 1971 Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part III. Indian J Exp Biol 9:91. 44 AUGUSTI K, MATHEW P, 1973 Effect on long-term feeding of the aqueous extracts of onion and garlic on normal rats. Ind J Exper Biol11(3):239-240. 45 HIKINO H, TOHKIN M, KISO Y, NAMIKI T, NISHIMURA S, TAKEYAMA K, 1986 Antihepatotoxic actions of Allium sativum bulbs. Planta Med 52(3):163-168. 46 SHARAF A, 1969 Food plant as a possible factor in fertility control. Qual Plant MaterVeg17:153. 47 PRASAD G, SHARMA V, KUMAR A, 1982 Efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum L.) therapy against experimental dematophytosis in rabbits. Indian J Med Res75:465-467. 48 TUTAKNE M, BHARDWAJ J, SATYANARAYANAN G, SETHI Y, 1983 Sporotrichosis treated with garlic juice. Indian J Dermatology 28:40-47. 49 DELAHA E, GARAGUSI V, 1985 Inhibition of mycobacteria by garlic extract (Allium sativum ). Antimicrob Agents Chemother27(4):485-486. 50 PETKOV V, 1966 Pharmacological and clinical study of garlic. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 106(51):1861-1867. 51 FOUSHEE D, RUFFIN J, BANERJEE U, 1982 Garlic as a natural agent for the treatment of hypertension: a preliminary report. Cytobios34(135-136):145-152. 52 PARIS R, MOYSE H, 1981 Précis de Matière Médicale, Tome II, 2^è éd. révisée. Paris, France: Ed. Masson. p61-62. 53 RIBEIRO R, BARROS F, MARGARIDA M, MELO R, MUNIZ C, CHIEIA S, WANDERLEY M, GOMES C, TROLIN G, 1988. Acute diuretic effects in conscious rats produced by some medicinal plants used in the state of Sao Paulo, Brasil. J Ethnopharmacol 24(1):19-29. 54 SPADA C, HOSHIKAWA-FUJIMURA AY, 2001 Perspectivas do emprego do Allium sativum (alho) em estudos epidemiológicos da patologia cardiovascular (conferencia). Caxambu, Brazil: Congresso da VII Reunião Anual da Federação de Sociedades de Biologia Experimental. 55 CHUTANI SK, BORDIA A, 1981 The effect of fried versus raw garlic on fibrinolytic activity in man. Therosclerosis 38:417-421. 56 DAMRAU F, FERGUSON E, 1949 The modus vivendi of carminative. The therapeutic value of garlic in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Rev Med J2:757-758. 57 YU WC, BLOT WJ, CHANG YS, ERSHOW A, ZT YANG, AN Q, FRAUMENI JR JF, WANG TG, 1989 Allium vegetables and reduced risk of stomach cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 81(2):162-164. 58 FERNANDEZ EJ, 1995 Efecto de dos formulaciones hidroalcohólicas de Allium sativum en el tratamiento de pacientes con dermatofitosis (Tesis de especialidad en farmacología). Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 59 ALONSO JR, 1998 Tratado de fitomedicina. Bases clínicas y farmacológicas. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ed. ISIS S.R.L. p208. 60 DURAFFOURD C, D'HERVICOURT L, LAPRAZ JC, 1994 Cahiers de phytothérapie clinique. Paris, France: Revue de la Societé Française de Phytothérapie et Aromathérapie. 61 CHAUHAN L, GARG J, BEDI H, GUPT R, BOMB B, AGARWAL M, 1982 Effect of onion, garlic and clofibrate on coagulation and fibrinolytic activity of blood in cholesterol fed rabbits. Indian Med J 76(10):126-127. 62 KANEZAWA A, NAKAGAWA S, SUMIYOSHI H, MASAMOTO K, HARADA H, NAKAGAMI S, DATE S, YOKOTA A, NISHIKAWA M, FUWA T, 1984 General toxicity tests of garlic extract preparation contained vitamins (Kyoleopin). Pharmacometrics 27(5):909-929. 63 SUMIYOSHI H, KANEZAWA A, MASAMOTO K, HARADA H, NAKAGAMI S, YOKOTA A, NISHIKAWA M, NAKAGAWA S, 1984 Chronic toxicity test of garlic extract in rats. J Toxicol Sci 9:61-75. 64 AL-BEKAIRI AM, SHAH AH, QURESHI S, 1990 Effect ofAllium sativum on epididymal spermatozoa, estradiol-treated mice and general toxicity. J Ethnopharmacol 29(2):117-125. 65 HUH K, PARK JM, LEE S-IL, 1985 Effect of garlic on the therapeutic glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activity in rat. Arch Pharm Res 8(4):197-203. 66 GARNIER G, BEZANGER-BEAUQUESNE L, 1961 Ressources médicinales de la flore française. Paris, France: Ed. Vigot Frères. 67 BOJS G, SVENSSON A, 1988 Contact allergy to garlic used for wound healing. Contact Derm18(3):179-181. 68 PAPAGEORGION C, CORBET JP, BRANDAO FM, PECEGUEIRO M, BENEZIA C, 1983. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic (Allium sativum) identification of the allergens the role of mono-di and trisulfides present in Garlic. A comparative study in man and animal. Arch Dermatol Res 275(4):229-234. 69 CAPORASO N, SMITH S, ENG R, 1983 Antifungal activity in human urine and serum after ingestions of garlic. Antimicob Agents Chemother23(5):700-702. 70 SITPRIJA S, PLENGVIDHYA C, KANGKAYA V, BHUVAPANICH S, TUNKAYOON M, 1987. Garlic and diabetes mellitus phase III clinical trial. J Med Assoc 70(2):223-227. 71 WHO, 2004 Allium sativum. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. Volume 1. Bulbis Alii Sativi. Ginebra, Suiza, Oct.28,2004. URL: http://www.who.int/medicines/library/trm/medicinalplants/monograph_volum... 72 MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de bulbo fresco machacado de Allium sativum L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Cerro, C. Habana, Cuba. 73 MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Clases tóxicas agudas (CTA) de una decocción de bulbo de Allium sativum L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 74 BOULOGNE Isabelle, 2008 Enquête TRAMIL, Les Saintes, UAG, Guadeloupe (FWI). 75 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Association pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique
	Senna alata (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Venezuela : majagüillo Dominican Republic : guajabo Guatemala : barajo Martinique : kasyalata Tobago : wild senna Tobago : wild guava Saint Vincent : river grava Saint Vincent : river senna Venezuela : tarantantán Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, juice, applied locally^1,25	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	According to published and other information: Use for skin conditions, paño (pityriasis versicolor), pimples, ringworm and fungal growth (mycosis between fingers) is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should symptoms persist for more than 5 days, seek medical attention. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection.		For skin conditions and pimples: Grind 50 grams of leaf (15-20 leaflets) and add 1 liter (4 cups) of boiled water. Allow to settle for 12 hours. Wash affected area 2-3 times a day³. For tinea (ringworm) and fungal growth (mycosis between fingers): Wash injury with boiled water and soap. Properly wash leaf and crush it. Apply 5 grams (1 spoonful) of vegetal material on affected area of skin. Cover injury with dressing or clean cloth and replace 3-4 times a day. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours.	1 DELENS M, 1990-92 Encuesta TRAMIL. Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular CESAP, Caracas, Venezuela. 2 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Asociation pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 3 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 4 Castillo D, Rodriguez S, de los Santos C, Belen A, 2003 Encuesta TRAMIL (región Este). Dep. de Botánica, Jardín Botánico Nacional, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana. 5 BALLAND V, GLASGOW A, SPRINGER F, GAYMES G, 2004 TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA, UAG & U.PARIS XI, Saint Vincent. 6 HARRISON J, GARRO CV, 1977 Study on anthraquinone derivatives fromCassia alata L. (Leguminosae). Rev Peru Bioquim 1(1):31-33. 7 MULCHANDANI NB, HASSARAJANI SA, 1975 Isolation of 1,3,8-trihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone fromCassia alata (leaves). Phytochemistry 14:2728b. 8 HAUPTMANN H, NAZARIO LL, 1950 Some constituents of the leaves of Cassia alata. J Am Chem Soc 72:1492-1495. 9 RAO CK, SUBHASHINI G, 1986 Saponins & leucoanthocyanins in Cassia L. Curr Sci 55(6):320-321. 10 SMOLENSKI SJ, SILINIS H, FARNSWORTH NR, 1975 Alkaloid screening. VI. Lloydia 38(3):225-255. 11 RAI MK, UPADHYAY S, 1988 Screening of medicinal plants of Chindwara district against Trichophyton mentagrophytes: a causal organism of Tinea pedis. Hindustan Antibiot Bull 30(1/2):33-36. 12 FIALLO M, VAZQUEZ TINEO M, 1992 Evaluación in vitro de plantas usadas en afecciones de la piel: Extractos vegetales antimicóticos y antimicrobianos. Informe TRAMIL. CIBIMA, Fac de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma UASD, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 13 ACHARARIT C, PANYAYONG W, RUCHATAKOMUT E, 1983 Inhibitory action of some Thai herbians (medicinal plants) to fungi. Mahidol Univ Fac Pharm Bangkok, Thailand. 14 BENJAMIN TV, LAMIKANRA A, 1981 Investigation ofCassia alata, a plant used in Nigeria in the treatment of skin diseases. Quart J Crude Drug Res 19(2/3):93-96. 15 CACERES A, LOPEZ BR, GIRON MA, LOGEMANN H, 1991 Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 31(3):263-276. 16 FUZELLIER MC, MORTIER F, LECTARD P, 1982 Activité antifongique deCassia alata L. Ann Pharm Fr 40(4):357-363. 17 MATTA DC, 2000 Determinación de la actividad anti Neisseria gonorrhoeae de extractos vegetales por un método de dilución en agar (Tesis de química-biología). Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos USAC, Guatemala, Guatemala. 18 PALANICHAMY S, AMALA BHASKAR E, BAKTHAVATHSALAM R, NAGARAJAN S, 1991 Wound healing activity of Cassia alata. Fitoterapia 62(1):153-156. 19 DAMODARAN S, VENKATARAMAN S, 1994 A study on the therapeutic efficacy of Cassia alata, Linn. Leaf extract against pityriasis versicolor. J Ethnopharmacol 42(1):19-23. 20 MOKKHASMIT M, NGARMWATHANA W, SAWASDIMONGKOL K, PERMPHIPHAT U, 1971 Pharmacological evaluation of Thai medicinal plants (cont.). J Med Assoc Thai 54(7):490-504. 21 MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, BARCELO H, LAYNEZ A, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2003 Clases Toxicidad Aguda (CTA) de hoja frescade Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 22 LOPEZ M, MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FERRADA C, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de la maceración acuosa de hoja fresca de Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Cerro, C. Habana, Cuba. 23 MOKKHASMIT M, SWATDIMONGKOL K, SATRAWAHA P, 1971 Study on toxicity of Thai medicinal plants. Bull Dept Med Sci 12(2-4):36-65. 24 VIZOSO A, RAMOS A, VILLAESCUSA A, BETANCOURT J, GARCIA A, PILOTO J, DECALO M, 2002 Passiflora incarnataL. y Senna alata (L.) Roxo: Estudio toxicogenético que emplea 2 sistemas de ensayos a corto plazo. Rev Cubana Plant Med 7(1):27-31. 25 DELAIGUE J, 2005 TRAMIL survey. PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago. 26 LOGARTO PARRA A, SILVA YHEBRA R, GUERRA SARDINAS I, IGLESIAS BUELA L, 2001 Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD₅₀ value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine 8(5):395-400. 27 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Clases tóxicas agudas tópica de hoja fresca machacada de Senna alata. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba.
	Senna alata (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Venezuela : majagüillo Dominican Republic : guajabo Guatemala : barajo Martinique : kasyalata Tobago : wild senna Tobago : wild guava Saint Vincent : river grava Saint Vincent : river senna Venezuela : tarantantán Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, aqueous maceration, bath^1-2	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	According to published and other information: Use for skin conditions, paño (pityriasis versicolor), pimples, ringworm and fungal growth (mycosis between fingers) is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should symptoms persist for more than 5 days, seek medical attention. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection.		For skin conditions and pimples: Grind 50 grams of leaf (15-20 leaflets) and add 1 liter (4 cups) of boiled water. Allow to settle for 12 hours. Wash affected area 2-3 times a day³. For tinea (ringworm) and fungal growth (mycosis between fingers): Wash injury with boiled water and soap. Properly wash leaf and crush it. Apply 5 grams (1 spoonful) of vegetal material on affected area of skin. Cover injury with dressing or clean cloth and replace 3-4 times a day. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours.	1 DELENS M, 1990-92 Encuesta TRAMIL. Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular CESAP, Caracas, Venezuela. 2 LONGUEFOSSE JL, NOSSIN E, 1990-95 Enquête TRAMIL. Asociation pour la valorisation des plantes médicinales de la Caraïbe AVPMC, Fort de France, Martinique. 3 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 4 Castillo D, Rodriguez S, de los Santos C, Belen A, 2003 Encuesta TRAMIL (región Este). Dep. de Botánica, Jardín Botánico Nacional, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana. 5 BALLAND V, GLASGOW A, SPRINGER F, GAYMES G, 2004 TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA, UAG & U.PARIS XI, Saint Vincent. 6 HARRISON J, GARRO CV, 1977 Study on anthraquinone derivatives fromCassia alata L. (Leguminosae). Rev Peru Bioquim 1(1):31-33. 7 MULCHANDANI NB, HASSARAJANI SA, 1975 Isolation of 1,3,8-trihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone fromCassia alata (leaves). Phytochemistry 14:2728b. 8 HAUPTMANN H, NAZARIO LL, 1950 Some constituents of the leaves of Cassia alata. J Am Chem Soc 72:1492-1495. 9 RAO CK, SUBHASHINI G, 1986 Saponins & leucoanthocyanins in Cassia L. Curr Sci 55(6):320-321. 10 SMOLENSKI SJ, SILINIS H, FARNSWORTH NR, 1975 Alkaloid screening. VI. Lloydia 38(3):225-255. 11 RAI MK, UPADHYAY S, 1988 Screening of medicinal plants of Chindwara district against Trichophyton mentagrophytes: a causal organism of Tinea pedis. Hindustan Antibiot Bull 30(1/2):33-36. 12 FIALLO M, VAZQUEZ TINEO M, 1992 Evaluación in vitro de plantas usadas en afecciones de la piel: Extractos vegetales antimicóticos y antimicrobianos. Informe TRAMIL. CIBIMA, Fac de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma UASD, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 13 ACHARARIT C, PANYAYONG W, RUCHATAKOMUT E, 1983 Inhibitory action of some Thai herbians (medicinal plants) to fungi. Mahidol Univ Fac Pharm Bangkok, Thailand. 14 BENJAMIN TV, LAMIKANRA A, 1981 Investigation ofCassia alata, a plant used in Nigeria in the treatment of skin diseases. Quart J Crude Drug Res 19(2/3):93-96. 15 CACERES A, LOPEZ BR, GIRON MA, LOGEMANN H, 1991 Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 31(3):263-276. 16 FUZELLIER MC, MORTIER F, LECTARD P, 1982 Activité antifongique deCassia alata L. Ann Pharm Fr 40(4):357-363. 17 MATTA DC, 2000 Determinación de la actividad anti Neisseria gonorrhoeae de extractos vegetales por un método de dilución en agar (Tesis de química-biología). Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos USAC, Guatemala, Guatemala. 18 PALANICHAMY S, AMALA BHASKAR E, BAKTHAVATHSALAM R, NAGARAJAN S, 1991 Wound healing activity of Cassia alata. Fitoterapia 62(1):153-156. 19 DAMODARAN S, VENKATARAMAN S, 1994 A study on the therapeutic efficacy of Cassia alata, Linn. Leaf extract against pityriasis versicolor. J Ethnopharmacol 42(1):19-23. 20 MOKKHASMIT M, NGARMWATHANA W, SAWASDIMONGKOL K, PERMPHIPHAT U, 1971 Pharmacological evaluation of Thai medicinal plants (cont.). J Med Assoc Thai 54(7):490-504. 21 MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BOUCOURT E, BARCELO H, LAYNEZ A, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2003 Clases Toxicidad Aguda (CTA) de hoja frescade Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba. 22 LOPEZ M, MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FERRADA C, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de la maceración acuosa de hoja fresca de Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Cerro, C. Habana, Cuba. 23 MOKKHASMIT M, SWATDIMONGKOL K, SATRAWAHA P, 1971 Study on toxicity of Thai medicinal plants. Bull Dept Med Sci 12(2-4):36-65. 24 VIZOSO A, RAMOS A, VILLAESCUSA A, BETANCOURT J, GARCIA A, PILOTO J, DECALO M, 2002 Passiflora incarnataL. y Senna alata (L.) Roxo: Estudio toxicogenético que emplea 2 sistemas de ensayos a corto plazo. Rev Cubana Plant Med 7(1):27-31. 25 DELAIGUE J, 2005 TRAMIL survey. PRDI, Tobago House of Assembly, Scarborough, Tobago. 26 LOGARTO PARRA A, SILVA YHEBRA R, GUERRA SARDINAS I, IGLESIAS BUELA L, 2001 Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD₅₀ value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine 8(5):395-400. 27 MARTINEZ MJ, BETANCOURT J, LOPEZ M, MOREJON Z, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Clases tóxicas agudas tópica de hoja fresca machacada de Senna alata. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas “Dr. Salvador Allende”, La Habana, Cuba.
	Senna occidentalis (In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use) Dominica : café moucha Dominican Republic : brusca Guatemala : frijolillo Honduras : frijolillo Haiti : terrier rouge Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys leaf, crushed, applied locally¹	Recommandations Preparation and posology References	Use for "bad blood" is part of the cultural tradition of our communities. It has not been listed in the TRAMIL classification. According to published and other information: Use of the leaf for skin conditions, headache, body ache, sorethroat, fever and jaundice, and use of the seed for sore and tinea are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies and available published scientific information. For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection. Use of the leaf for stomach pain, of the seed for body ache and of the root for stomach pain, sorethroat and fever is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should fever persist for more than 2 days, jaundice or stomach pain for more than 3 days, or skin conditions for more than 5 days, seek medical attention. Due to the health risks involved with jaundice, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated. Not for use during pregnancy, lactation, or by children under 3 years old.		For skin conditions: Wash injury with boiled water and soap. Thoroughly wash 30–50 grams of leaf (15-20 leaflets), mash and apply in sufficient quantity to affected area. Cover injury with dressing or clean cloth and replace 3-4 times a day. For stomach pain: Prepare a decoction with 15 grams of leaf (7-10 leaflets) and 15 grams of root in 1 liter (4 cups) of water, and boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. Filter, allow to cool down and drink 1 cup 3 times a day³⁶. For headache, fever, jaundice, sorethroat and body ache: There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use. Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours.	1 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana. 2 CHARLES C, 1988 TRAMIL survey. Movement for Cultural Awareness MCA, Roseau, Dominica. 3 LAGOS-WITTE S, 1988-89, 1996 Encuesta TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal y Etnobotánica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 4 GIRON L, 1988 Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala. 5 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti. 6 TIWARI RD, SINGH J, 1977 Anthraquinone pigments from Cassia occidentalis. Planta Med Suppl 32(4):375-377. 7 RAI PP, SHOK M, 1983 Anthraquinone glycosides from plant parts of Cassia occidentalis. Indian J Pharm Sci 45(2):87-88. 8 ANTON R, DUQUENOIS P, 1968 Contribution à l'étude chimique duCassia occidentalis L. Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 26(2):673-680. 9 TIWARI RD, SINGH J, 1977 Flavonoids from the leaves of Cassia occidentalis. Phytochemistry16(7):1107-1108. 10 MAJUMDAR SG, BASAK B, LASKAR S, 1987 Surface hydrocarbons from the leaves of some Cassia species. J Indian Chem Soc 64(4):259-260. 11 ALVES AC, 1964 Pharmacological study of the root of Cassia occidentalis. An Fac Farm Porto 24:65-119. 12 WADER GR, KUDAV NA, 1987 Chemical investigation ofCassia occidentalis Linn. with special reference to isolation of xanthones fromCassia spp. Indian J of Chemisitry 26(B7):703. 13 KUDAV NA, KULKARNI A, 1974 Chemical investigation on Cassia occidentalis. II. Isolation of islandicin, helminthosporine, xanthonin and NMR spectral studies of cassiollin and its derivatives. Indian J Chem 12:1042-1044. 14 LAL-JAWAHAR, GUPTA-PURAN-CHANDRA, 1973 Physcion and phytosterol from the roots of Cassia occidentalis. Phytochemistry 12(5):1186. 15 GarcIa GM, Coto MT, GonzAlez CS, OCAMPO R, Pazos L, 2001 Tránsito intestinal en ratones, con extracto acuoso de raíz fresca de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 16 CACERES A, LOPEZ BR, GIRON MA, LOGEMANN H, 1991 Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 31(3):263-276. 17 CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1995 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 48(2):85-88. 18 PEREZ C, SUAREZ C, 1997 Antifungal activity of plant extracts against Candida albicans. Amer J Chinese Med 25(2):181-184. 19 HUSSAIN HS, DEENI YY, 1991 Plants in Kano ethomedicine; screening for antimicrobial activity and alkaloids. Int J Pharmacog 29(1):51-56. 20 SCHMEDA-HIRSCHMANN G, ROJAS DE ARIAS A, 1992 A screening method for natural products on triatomine bugs. Phytother Res 6(2):68-73. 21 TONA L, NGIMBI NP, TSAKALA M, MESIA K, CIMANGA K, ASPERS S, DE BRUYNE T, PIETERS L, TOTTE J, VLIETINCK AJ, 1999 Antimalarial activity of 20 crude extracts from nine African medicinal plants used in Kinshasa, Congo. J Ethnopharmacol 68(1/3):193-203. 22 SADIQUE J, CHANDRA T, THENMOZHI V, ELANGO V, 1987 Biochemical modes of action ofCassia occidentalis and Cardiospermum halicacabum in inflammation. J Ethnopharmacol 19(2):201-212. 23 SARAF S, DIXIT VK, TRIPATHI SC, PATNAIK GK, 1994 Antihepatotoxic activity of Cassia occidentalis. Int J Pharmacog 32(2):178-183. 24 JAFRI MA, JALIS SUBHANI M, JAVED K, SINGH S, 1999 Hepatoprotective activity of leaves of Cassia occidentalis against paracetamol and ethyl alcohol intoxication in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 66(3):355-361. 25 FENG PC, HAYNES LJ, MAGNUS KE, PLIMMER JR, SHERRAT HS, 1962 Pharmacological screening of some West Indian medicinal plants. J Pharm Pharmacol 14:556-561. 26 Garcia GM, Coto MT, Gonzalez CS, Pazos L, 1998 Toxicidad sub-crónica en ratones, del extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 27 Garcia GM, Coto MT, Gonzalez CS, Pazos L, 1998 Toxicidad sub-crónica en ratones, del extracto acuoso de raíz frescas de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 28 GONZALEZ A, ALFONSO H, 1990 Evaluación de la toxicidad dérmica deMomordica charantia L. yCassia occidentalis L. en conejo y cobayo. Informe TRAMIL. Centro Nacional de Salud Animal, La Habana, Cuba. 29 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2003 Estudio de irritabilidad dérmica, en piel lesionada de conejo, de hoja fresca de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 30 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2003 Irritabilidad de la mucosa en conejo, de raíz fresca de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 31 PAZOS L, COTO T, GONZALEZ S, 2003 Irritabilidad de la mucosa en conejo, de semillas frescas de Senna occidentalis. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 32 O'HARA P, PIERCE K, 1974 A toxic cardiomyopathy caused byCassia occidentalis. II Biochemical studies in poisoned rabbits. Vet Pathol 11(2):110-124. 33 COLVIN BM, HARRISON LR, SANGSTER LT, GOSSER HS, 1986 Cassia occidentalis toxicosis in growing pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189(4):423-426. 34 MARTINS E, MARTINS VM, RIET-CORREA F, SONCINI RA, PARABONI SV, 1986 Intoxicação por Cassia occidentalis (Leguminosae) em suínos. Pesq Vet Bras 6(2):35-38. 35BARTH AT, KOMMERS GO, SALLES MS, WOUTERS F, DE BARROS CS, 1994 Coffee senna (Senna occidentalis) poisoning in cattle in Brazil. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(6):541-545. 36 ALBORNOZ A, 1993 Medicina Tradicional Herbaria. 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